The Ancient Ophidian Iconography Resource (Mundus Vetus, 3000 BC - 650 AD)
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	SCULPTURES & RELIEFS ● ADORNMENTS & TOOLS ● COINS ● VASES ● PAINTINGS & MOSAICS ● MANUSCRIPTS

◀ Set 001 of 003	GIANT (PHYTOPODE): GALLERY | LIBRARY | REGISTRY	Set 003 of 003 ▶

Homer ◆◆◆ ● Reference 001 Homer ◆◆◆ ● Reference 002 [Homer] ◆◆◆ ● Reference 003 [Homer] ◆◆◆ ● Reference 004 Hesiod ◆◆◆ ● Reference 005 Hesiod ◆◆◆ ● Reference 006     Stesichorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 007 Bacchylides ◆◆◆ ● Reference 008 Aeschylus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 009 Aeschylus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 010 Aeschylus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 011 Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 012     Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 013 Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 014 Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 015 Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 016 Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 017 Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 018     Pindar ◆◆◆ ● Reference 019 Sophocles ◆◆◆ ● Reference 020 Herodotus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 021 Euripides ◆◆◆ ● Reference 022 Euripides ◆◆◆ ● Reference 023 Euripides ◆◆◆ ● Reference 024     Euripides ◆◆◆ ● Reference 025 Euripides ◆◆◆ ● Reference 026 Aristophanes ◆◆◆ ● Reference 027 Plato ◆◆◆ ● Reference 028 Plato ◆◆◆ ● Reference 029 Plato ◆◆◆ ● Reference 030     Plato ◆◆◆ ● Reference 031 Strattis ◆◆◆ ● Reference 032 Anonym ◆◆◆ ● Reference 033 [Aristotle] ◆◆◆ ● Reference 034 Lycophron ◆◆◆ ● Reference 035 Callimachus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 036     Callimachus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 037 Callimachus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 038 Apollonius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 039 Euphorion ◆◆◆ ● Reference 040 Euphorion ◆◆◆ ● Reference 041 Naevius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 042     Cicero ◆◆◆ ● Reference 043 Cicero ◆◆◆ ● Reference 044 Cicero ◆◆◆ ● Reference 045 Cicero ◆◆◆ ● Reference 046 Diodorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 047 Diodorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 048     Diodorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 049 Diodorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 050 Diodorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 051 Virgil ◆◆◆ ● Reference 052 Virgil ◆◆◆ ● Reference 053 Virgil ◆◆◆ ● Reference 054     Virgil ◆◆◆ ● Reference 055 [Virgil] ◆◆◆ ● Reference 056 Horace ◆◆◆ ● Reference 057 Horace ◆◆◆ ● Reference 058 Horace ◆◆◆ ● Reference 059 Strabo ◆◆◆ ● Reference 060     Strabo ◆◆◆ ● Reference 061 Strabo ◆◆◆ ● Reference 062 Strabo ◆◆◆ ● Reference 063 Strabo ◆◆◆ ● Reference 064 Strabo ◆◆◆ ● Reference 065 Propertius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 066     Propertius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 067 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 068 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 069 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 070 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 071 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 072     Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 073 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 074 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 075 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 076 Ovid ◆◆◆ ● Reference 077 Seneca ◆◆◆ ● Reference 078     Seneca ◆◆◆ ● Reference 079 Seneca ◆◆◆ ● Reference 080 Seneca ◆◆◆ ● Reference 081 Seneca ◆◆◆ ● Reference 082 Seneca ◆◆◆ ● Reference 083 Manilius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 084     Pliny ◆◆◆ ● Reference 085 Silius Italicus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 086 Petronius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 087 Martial ◆◆◆ ● Reference 088 Lucan ◆◆◆ ● Reference 089 Valerius Flaccus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 090     Statius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 091 Plutarch ◆◆◆ ● Reference 092 Plutarch ◆◆◆ ● Reference 093 Plutarch ◆◆◆ ● Reference 094 Plutarch ◆◆◆ ● Reference 095 Plutarch ◆◆◆ ● Reference 096     Florus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 097 Pausanias ◆◆◆ ● Reference 098 Pausanias ◆◆◆ ● Reference 099 Pausanias ◆◆◆ ● Reference 100 Pausanias ◆◆◆ ● Reference 101 Pausanias ◆◆◆ ● Reference 102     Pancrates ◆◆◆ ● Reference 103 Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 104 Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 105 Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 106 Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 107 Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 108     Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 109 Lucian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 110 Anonym ◆◆◆ ● Reference 111 Apollodorus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 112 Hyginus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 113 Hyginus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 114     Hyginus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 115 Tertullian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 116 Cassius Dio ◆◆◆ ● Reference 117 Oppian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 118 Oppian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 119 Philostratus (Α) ◆◆◆ ● Reference 120     Philostratus (Α) ◆◆◆ ● Reference 121 Diogenes ◆◆◆ ● Reference 122 Philostratus (Λ) ◆◆◆ ● Reference 123 Philostratus (Λ) ◆◆◆ ● Reference 124 Anonym ◆◆◆ ● Reference 125 Anonym ◆◆◆ ● Reference 126     Eusebius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 127 Libanius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 128 Libanius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 129 Julian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 130 Julian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 131 Anonym ◆◆◆ ● Reference 132     Prudentius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 133 Quintus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 134 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 135 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 136 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 137 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 138     Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 139 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 140 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 141 Claudian ◆◆◆ ● Reference 142 Macrobius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 143 Scriptores ◆◆◆ ● Reference 144     Scriptores ◆◆◆ ● Reference 145 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 146 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 147 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 148 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 149 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 150     Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 151 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 152 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 153 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 154 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 155 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 156     Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 157 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 158 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 159 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 160 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 161 Nonnus ◆◆◆ ● Reference 162     Sidonius Apol. ◆◆◆ ● Reference 163 Sidonius Apol. ◆◆◆ ● Reference 164 Sidonius Apol. ◆◆◆ ● Reference 165 Pamprepius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 166 Boethius ◆◆◆ ● Reference 167 ● Vacuum Locum

Set III-2-gip-002. A collection of selected literary quotations associated with "Giant (Phytopode)" as the main subject (with Alcyoneus and Picolous being suggested as the two main presumptive candidates for positive identification). The entries are organised chronologically, from the the earliest to the latest. The intentionally omitted textual fragments are indicated by an ellipsis placed inside angle brackets. The translator's notes and curator's commentaries are placed inside square brackets and indicated by the quartz colour. Direct mentions of the main subject are indicated by the azure colour. Direct mentions of snakes/serpents and their derivatives are indicated by the amber colour and complemented by references to the sources' original language and the words' lemmas. Important descriptive details that inform the artefacts' iconographic interpretation are indicated by the malachite colour. ------------------------------------------------- « ● Selected Classical Quotations ● » -------------------------------------------------- Reference 001 ▲ “ So they came on as though all the land were being swept with fire; and the earth groaned beneath them, as when Zeus who hurls the thunderbolt in his wrath lashes the land around Typhoeus in the country of the Arimi, where men say is the bed of Typhoeus. So the earth groaned greatly beneath their tread as they went; and very swiftly did they speed across the plain. „ “ To her [Aphrodite] then made answer Dione, the fair goddess: "Be of good heart, my child, and endure for all your suffering; for many of us who have dwellings on Olympus have suffered at the hands of men, while bringing grievous woes on one another. So suffered Ares, when Otus and mighty Ephialtes, the sons of Aloeus, bound him in cruel bonds, and in a brazen jar he lay bound for thirteen months; and then would Ares, insatiate of war, have perished, had not the stepmother of the sons of Aloeus, the beauteous Eeriboea, reported to Hermes; and he stole Ares away, who was now in great distress, for his harsh bonds were overpowering him. ⟨...⟩" „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Homer (c. 700s-600s BC) Iliad ● II: 780-785 ● V: 381-391 Augustus Taber Murray; Revised by William Frank Wyatt Loeb Classical Library (LCL 170) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 002 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ great-hearted Eurymedon, who once was king over the insolent Giants. But he brought destruction on his reckless people, and was himself destroyed. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the wild tribes of the Giants. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the mighty Laestrygonians came thronging from all sides, a host past counting, not like men, but like the Giants. They pelted us from the cliffs with rocks huge as a man could lift ⟨...⟩ „ “ And after her I [Poseidon] saw Iphimedeia, wife of Aloeus, who declared that she had lain with Poseidon. She bore two sons, but they had short lives, godlike Otus, and far-famed Ephialtes - men whom the earth, the giver of grain, reared as the tallest, and far the most handsome, after famous Orion. For at nine years they were nine cubits [~4.5 m] in breadth and in height nine fathoms [~16.5 m]. They threatened to raise the din of furious war against even the immortals in Olympus. They yearned to pile Ossa on Olympus, and Pelion, with its waving forests, on Ossa, so that heaven might be scaled. And this they would have accomplished, if they had reached the measure of manhood; but the son of Zeus, whom lovely-haired Leto bore [Apollo], slew them both before the down blossomed beneath their temples and covered their chins with a full growth of beard. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Homer (c. 700s-600s BC) Odyssey ● VII: 58-60 ● VII: 206 ● X: 119-121 ● XI: 305-320 Augustus Taber Murray; Revised by George Edward Dimock Loeb Classical Library (LCL 104) © Harvard University Press, 1919 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 003 ▲ “ And once she [Delphine?] accepted for nurture from gold-throned Hera the dreadful and problematic Typhaon to be an affliction to mortals; Hera once bore him in anger at father Zeus, when he gave birth to glorious Athena out of his head. She, lady Hera, at once grew angry, and spoke among the assembled immortals: "Hear from me, all you gods and all you goddesses, how Zeus the cloud-gatherer is taking steps to dishonor me, without provocation. For he made me his wife - a dutiful one - and now he has given birth without me to steely-eyed Athena, who stands out among all the blessed immortals, while my son has turned out a weakling among the gods, Hephaestus of the withered legs, whom I myself bore. I picked him up and threw him in the broad sea, but Nereus' daughter, Thetis silverfoot, took him in and looked after him together with her sisters; I wish she had done the gods some different service. You cunning wretch, what will you devise next? How could you bring yourself to father steely-eyed Athena on your own? Couldn't I have given birth to her? She would still have been called your child among the immortals who dwell in the broad heaven. Mind I don't devise some harm for you sometime. And right now I am going to contrive to have a son who may stand out among the immortal gods, without disgracing your holy bed or my own. I won't visit your bed, but stay well away from you and keep company with the immortal gods." So saying, she went apart from the gods, angry at heart. Then straightway she prayed, did the mild-eyed lady Hera, and struck the earth with the flat of her hand and said, "Hear me now, Earth and broad Heaven above, and you Titan gods who dwell below the earth around great Tartarus, and from whom gods and men descend: all of you now in person, hear me and grant me a son without Zeus' help, in no way falling short of him in strength, but as much superior as wide-sounding Zeus is to Kronos." So saying, she beat the ground with her stout hand, and the life-giving earth shifted. When she saw that, her heart was delighted, for she guessed that her prayer would be fulfilled. From then on for a full year she never went to resourceful Zeus' bed, nor to the richly carved throne, as in the past sitting at his side she used to consider her counsels. She stayed in her prayerful temples, did the mild-eyed lady Hera, enjoying the offerings made to her. But when the months and the days were fulfilled as the year came round again, and the seasons came on, she gave birth to one resembling neither gods nor mortals, the dreadful and problematic Typhaon, to be an affliction to the gods. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: [Homer] (Anonym, c. 600s- 500s BC) Homeric Hymns ● 3. To Apollo, 305-352 Martin Litchfield West Loeb Classical Library (LCL 496) © Harvard University Press, 2003 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 004 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ emulating the deeds of those earthborn men, the Giants, as the tale was told among men. „ “ [Suddenly a water snake [ὕδρος] appeared - an unwelcome sight for both of them [frog and mice] - rearing its neck erect above the water.] „ “ [Hera speaking to Zeus:] ⟨...⟩ let your weapon [thunderbolt] be set in motion, for so the greatest warrior will be taken, even as once you killed the formidable Capaneus, and great Enceladus and the wild tribe of Giants. [Translator's note: Capaneus was one of the Seven who attacked Thebes. He boasted that not even Zeus' thunderbolt would stop him; but it did. Enceladus was one of the Giants who fought against the gods and were defeated.] ⟨...⟩ Zeus, taking up the bright bolt, {first thundered, and made great Olympus quake,} discharged it with a whirl, and it flew from the lord's hand. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: [Homer] (Pigres of Halicar-nassus?, fl. c. late 500s-early 400s BC) Battle of the Frogs and Mice (Batra-chomyomachia) ● 7-8 ● [82-83] ● 280-288 Martin Litchfield West Loeb Classical Library (LCL 496) © Harvard University Press, 2003 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 005 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the mighty Giants ⟨...⟩ „ “ So he [Cronus] spoke, and huge Earth [Gaia] rejoiced greatly in her breast. She placed him in an ambush, concealing him from sight, and put into his hands the jagged-toothed sickle, and she explained the whole trick to him. And great Sky [Uranus] came, bringing night with him; and spreading himself out around Earth in his desire for love he lay outstretched in all directions. Then his son reached out from his ambush with his left hand, and with his right hand he grasped the monstrous sickle, long and jagged-toothed, and eagerly he reaped the genitals from his dear father and threw them behind him to be borne away. But not in vain did they fall from his hand: for Earth received all the bloody drops that shot forth, and when the years had revolved she bore the mighty Erinyes and the great Giants, shining in their armor, holding long spears in their hands. „ “ She [Translator's note: Probably Ceto.] bore in a hollow cave another monster, intractable, not at all similar to mortal human beings or to the immortal gods: divine, strong-hearted Echidna [Ἔχιδνα], half a quick-eyed beautiful-cheeked nymph, but half a monstrous snake [ὄφις], terrible and great, shimmering, eating raw flesh, under the hidden places of the holy earth. That is where she has a cave, deep down under a hollow boulder, far from the immortal gods and mortal human beings; for that is where the gods assigned her to dwell in glorious mansions. She keeps guard among the Arima under the earth, baleful Echidna [Ἔχιδνα], an immortal nymph and ageless all her days. They say that Typhon, terrible, outrageous, lawless, mingled in love with her, a quick-eyed virgin; and she became pregnant and bore strong-hearted children. „ “ When Zeus had driven the Titans from the sky, huge Earth [Gaia] bore as her youngest son Typhoeus, in love with Tartarus, because of golden Aphrodite. His hands {are holding deeds upon strength} [Translator's note: Line 823 seems to be corrupt; no convincing defense or remedy for it has yet been found.], and tireless the strong god's feet; and from his shoulders there were a hundred heads of a snake [ὄφις], a terrible dragon's [δράκων], licking with their dark tongues; and on his prodigious heads fire sparkled from his eyes under the eyebrows, and from all of his heads fire burned as he glared. And there were voices in all his terrible heads, sending forth all kinds of sounds, inconceivable: for sometimes they would utter sounds as though for the gods to understand, and at other times the sound of a loud-bellowing, majestic bull, unstoppable in its strength, at other times that of a lion, with a ruthless spirit, at other times like young dogs, a wonder to hear, and at other times he hissed, and the high mountains echoed from below. And on that very day an intractable deed would have been accomplished, and he would have ruled over mortals and immortals, if the father of men and of gods [Zeus] had not taken sharp notice: he thundered hard and strong, and all around the earth echoed terrifyingly, and the broad sky above, and the sea, and the streams of Ocean, and Tartarus in the earth. As the lord rushed forward, great Olympus trembled under his immortal feet, and the earth groaned in response. The violet-dark sea was enveloped by a conflagration from both of them - of thunder and lightning, and fire from that monster of tornadoes and winds, and the blazing thunderbolt. And all the earth seethed, and the sky and sea; and long waves raged around the shores, around and about, under the rush of the immortals, and an inextinguishable shuddering arose. And Hades, who rules over the dead below, was afraid, and the Titans under Tartarus, gathered around Cronus, at the inextinguishable din and dread battle-strife. Then when Zeus had lifted up his strength and grasped his weapons, the thunder and lightning and the blazing thunderbolt, he struck him, leaping upon him from Olympus; and all around he scorched all the prodigious heads of the terrible monster. And when he had overpowered him, scourging him with blows, he fell down lamed, and the huge earth groaned; a flame shot forth from that thunderbolted lord in the mountain's dark, rugged dales, as he was struck, and the huge earth was much burned by the prodigious blast, and it melted like tin when it is heated with skill by young men in well-perforated melting pots, or as iron, although it is the strongest thing, melts in the divine earth by the skilled hands of Hephaestus when it is overpowered in a mountain's dales by burning fire. In the same way, the earth melted in the blaze of the burning fire. And he hurled Typhoeus into broad Tartarus, grieving him in his spirit. From Typhoeus comes the strength of moist-blowing winds - apart from Notus and Boreas and clear Zephyrus, for these are from the gods by descent, a great boon for mortals. But the other breezes blow at random upon the sea: falling upon the murky sea, a great woe for mortals, they rage with an evil blast; they blow now one way, now another, and scatter the boats, and destroy the sailors; and there is no safeguard against this evil for men who encounter them upon the sea. And on the boundless, flowering earth too, they destroy the lovely works of earthborn human beings, filling them with dust and with distressful confusion. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Hesiod (c. 700s-600s BC) Theogony ● 50 ● 173-186 ● 295-308 ● 820-880 Glenn Warren Most Loeb Classical Library (LCL 057) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 006 ▲ “ In Phlegra he [Heracles] slew the presumptuous Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Hesiod (c. 700s-600s BC) Catalogue of Women ● 69 (Berlin Papyrus 7497): 89 (65) Glenn Warren Most Loeb Classical Library (LCL 503) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 007 ▲ “ Typhoeus: Hesiod [c. 700s-600s BC] makes him son of Gaia (Earth), Stesichorus - son of Hera, who bore him without a father in order to spite Zeus [Translator's note: Zeus had given birth to Athena.]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Stesichorus (c. 630-555 BC) Unknown ● 239 (via Etymolo-gicum Genuinum, p. 44 Calame) David A. Campbell Loeb Classical Library (LCL 476) © Harvard University Press, 1991 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 008 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ those arrogant sons of Earth, the Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Bacchylides (c. 518-451 BC) Dithyrambs ● 15. The Sons of Antenor or The Request for the Return of Helen, 62-63 David A. Campbell Loeb Classical Library (LCL 461) © Harvard University Press, 1992 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 009 ▲ “ SCOUT: ⟨...⟩ I shuddered, I won't deny it, to see him [Hippomedon] brandish his great round threshing-floor of a shield. And it can't have been a cheap artist who gave him that device on the shield, Typhon [Translator's note: Typhon (also called Typhoeus or Typhos) was the last opponent whom Zeus vanquished before his rulership of the universe was finally established. He was an Earth-born monster, with a hundred fiery serpent-heads; but after a great battle Zeus defeated him with the thunderbolt and hurled him down to Tartarus (in Pindar Pythian Ode I, 15-28, and in Aeschylus Prometheus 351-372, he lies under Mount Etna).] emitting dark smoke, the many-coloured sister of flame, from his fire-breathing lips; the round circle of the hollow-bellied shield is floored with coiling snakes [ὄφις] [Translator's note: This expression is easily understood in the light of artistic representations of Typhon (including an Argive shield found at Olympia; see D. W. Berman (2007) Myth and Culture in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes, Rome, pp. 59-60 and figs. 1a, 1b), in which he regularly has one or two coiling snakes where his legs should be (see LIMC s.v. Typhon).]. „ “ ETEOCLES: In the first place, Pallas [Athena?] Onca, close neighbour to our city's gate, hates this man's arrogance and will keep him off, like a mother-bird protecting her nestlings from a hostile serpent [δράκων]. And a man has been chosen to face this man, Hyperbius, the brave son of Oenops, ready to learn his fate in this crisis of fortune, faultless in form, in spirit, and also in the handling of arms. And Hermes has brought them together appropriately: the man is an enemy of the man he will face, and on their shields they will bring together two antagonistic gods. One of them has the fire-breathing Typhon, and on Hyperbius' shield resides Father Zeus, standing with his flaming bolt in his hand. Such are their alliances with gods; and we are on the side of the winners, they of the losers, that is if Zeus is Typhon's superior in battle. It is to be expected that the human opponents will fare likewise, and by the logic of Hyperbius' emblem the Zeus he has on his shield should become his Saviour. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Aeschylus (c. 525-456 BC) Seven Against Thebes ● 489-496 ● 501-520 Alan Herbert Sommerstein Loeb Classical Library (LCL 145) © Harvard University Press, 2009 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 010 ▲ “ CHORUS: ⟨...⟩ the might of the Nile and the water untouched by the plagues of Typhos [Translator's note: I.e. free from storms: Typhos, whom Zeus defeated soon after becoming ruler of the universe, was father of the storm-winds (Hesiod Theogony 869-880). The mention of these calm waters recalls the Danaids' own storm-free voyage (134-137) and, by contrast, their prayer that their pursuers be overwhelmed and drowned in a tempest (30-36).] ⟨...⟩ „ “ [CHORUS: He [?] is raging close to me, the two-footed snake [ὄφις]; like a viper [ἔχιδνα] he ⟨stares at⟩ me. What noxious beast ⟨do I see before me? I am in the grip of⟩ agony. Ototototoi! Mother Earth, Mother Earth, avert the fearsome ⟨assailant⟩! O Father Zeus, child of Earth!] „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Aeschylus (c. 525-456 BC) Suppliants ● 560-561 ● [895-902] Alan Herbert Sommerstein Loeb Classical Library (LCL 145) © Harvard University Press, 2009 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 011 ▲ “ PROMETHEUS: ⟨...⟩ I have seen and pitied the earth-born inhabitant of the Cilician cave [Translator's note: The whole passage on Typhon (Typhos, Typhoeus) is closely parallel to, and probably based on, Pindar Pythian Ode I, 15-28, who also mentions a "Cilician cave" as his original home; Homer Iliad II, 783 had placed Typhoeus εἰν Ἀρίμοις, and there was apparently a mountain range called Arima in Cilicia (Callisthenes Fragmente der griechischen Historiker 124 F 33).], a fierce monster with a hundred heads, now subdued by force - furious Typhon, who once rose up against the gods [Translator's note: The revolt of Typhoeus (son of Tartarus and Gaea) is narrated in Hesiod Theogony 821-868.], hissing terror from his formidable jaws while a fierce radiance flashed from his eyes, with the intention of overthrowing the autocracy of Zeus by force. But there came against him the unsleeping weapon of Zeus, the downrushing thunderbolt breathing out flame, which struck him out of his haughty boasts - for he was hit right in the centre of his body, and his strength was thundered out of him and reduced to ashes. And now he lies, a sprawled, inert body, near the narrows of the sea [Translator's note: The Strait of Messina (whose narrowest point is actually some 35 miles [56 km] from Mount Etna as the crow flies).], crushed under the roots of Mount Etna; on its topmost peaks Hephaestus sits forging red-hot iron [Translator's note: For volcanoes as Hephaestus' smithies, cf. Euripides Cyclops 599 (Etna); Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War III, lxxxiii, 3 (Hiera, now Vulcano, in the Lipari islands). The idea here is that Typhon breathes or vomits streams of fire (cf. Pindar Pythian Ode I, 25) which heat Hephaestus' forge.], and from thence one day will burst forth rivers of fire, devouring with their savage jaws the smooth fields of Sicily with their fine crops. Such is the rage in which Typhos will boil over, raining hot darts of fiery breath that no one can touch, even though he has been calcinated by the thunderbolt of Zeus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Aeschylus (c. 525-456 BC) Prometheus Bound ● 351-372 Alan Herbert Sommerstein Loeb Classical Library (LCL 145) © Harvard University Press, 2009 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 012 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ son of Cronus [Zeus], you who rule Mt. Aetna, windy burden for hundred-headed Typhos the mighty [Translator's note: Typhos (elsewhere called Typhoeus or Typhon) was pinned under Mt. Aetna (cf. Pindar Pythian Ode I, 15-28).] ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Olympian Odes ● IV. For Psaumis of Camarina (Winner, Chariot Race, 452 BC), 6-7 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 056) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 013 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ those creatures for whom Zeus has no love are terrified when they hear the song of the Pierians, those on land and in the overpowering sea, and the one who lies in dread Tartarus, enemy of the gods, Typhos [Translator's note: Typhos (also called Typhoeus and Typhon) was the last enemy of Zeus' reign (cf. Hesiod Theogony 820-880).] the hundred-headed, whom the famous Cilician cave [Arima] once reared; now, however, the sea-fencing cliffs above Cyme as well as Sicily weigh upon his shaggy chest, and a skyward column constrains him, snowy Aetna, nurse of biting snow all year round, from whose depths belch forth holiest springs of unapproachable fire; during the days rivers of lava pour forth a blazing stream of smoke, but in times of darkness a rolling red flame carries rocks into the deep expanse of the sea with a crash. That monster sends up most terrible springs of Hephaestus' fire - a portent wondrous to behold, a wonder even to hear of from those present - such a one is confined within Aetna's dark and leafy peaks and the plain; and a jagged bed goads the entire length of his back that lies against it. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Pythian Odes ● I. For Hieron of Aetna (Winner, Chariot Race, 470 BC), 13-28 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 056) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 014 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ in shining Naxos Iphimedeia's sons died, Otus and you, bold king Ephialtes [Translator's note: Two gigantic brothers who tried to scale heaven by piling Ossa on Olympus and Pelion on them; they were killed by Apollo (cf. Homer Odyssey XI, 307-320) or Artemis (cf. Apollodorus Library I, vii, 4).] ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Pythian Odes ● IV. For Arcesilas of Cyrene (Winner, Chariot Race, 462 BC), 87-89 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 056) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 015 ▲ “ Porphyrion [Translator's note: King of the Giants, slain by Apollo according to Pindar (18), but by Heracles' arrows according to Apollodorus Library I, vi, 2.] did not know your power when he unduly provoked you [Apollo]. Gain is most precious if one takes it from the home of a willing giver. But force brings down even the proud boaster in the end. Hundred-headed Typhos from Cilicia did not escape it, nor indeed the king of the Giants, for they were overcome by a thunderbolt and the arrows of Apollo ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Pythian Odes ● VIII. For Aristome-nes of Aegina (Win-ner, Wrestling, 446 BC), 12-18 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 056) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 016 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ when the gods would meet the Giants in battle on the plain of Phlegra, he [Tiresias] said that beneath a volley of his [Heracles'] arrows their bright hair would be fouled with earth ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Nemean Odes ● I. For Chromius of Aetna (Winner, Chariot Race, post 476 BC), 67-68 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 485) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 017 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ that giant warrior, awesome Alcyoneus ⟨...⟩ dashed twelve chariots with a boulder [Possible alternative translation: "rock".] and killed the horse-taming heroes riding in them - two in each. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Nemean Odes ● IV. For Timasar-chus of Aegina (Winner, Boys' Wrestling), 27-30 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 485) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 018 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ with your help, subduer of the Giants [Heracles] ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Nemean Odes ● VII. For Sogenes of Aegina (Winner, Boys' Pentathlon), 90 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 485) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 019 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ that cowherd great as a mountain, Alcyoneus [Translator's note: A giant who stole the cattle of Helius and was associated with the Giants against whom Heracles fought alongside the Olympians at Phlegrae.], when he encountered him at Phlegrae, and did not hold back his hands from his deep-toned bowstring, Heracles, that is. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pindar (c. 518-438 BC) Isthmian Odes ● VI. For Phylacidas of Aegina (Winner, Boys' Pancratium), 32-35 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 485) © Harvard University Press, 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 020 ▲ “ HERACLES: ⟨...⟩ the earth-born army of the Giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Sophocles (497-406 BC) The Women of Trachis ● 1058-1059 Hugh Lloyd-Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 021) © Harvard University Press, 1994 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 021 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ from this Serbonian marsh, where Typho [Translator's note: Hot winds and volcanic agency were attributed by Greek mythology to Typhon, cast down from heaven by Zeus and "buried" in hot or volcanic regions. Typhon came to be identified with the Egyptian god Set; and the legend grew that he was buried in the Serbonian marsh.], it is said, was hidden, the country is Egypt. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Herodotus (c. 484-425 BC) Histories ● III: 5 Alfred Denis Godley Loeb Classical Library (LCL 118) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 022 ▲ “ AMPHITRYON: As regards Zeus's part in his son, let Zeus himself defend it. As for my own part, Heracles, my care is to show by argument how senseless this man is where you are concerned: I cannot allow you to be reviled. First I must free you from an unspeakable slander (for I regard cowardice in you, Heracles, as an unspeakable idea) with the gods as my witnesses. I call on the thunderbolt of Zeus, I call on the chariot in which he stood when he shot his winged arrows into the flanks of the earthborn Giants [Translator's note: Heracles helped Zeus and the Olympians to defeat an attack by the Giants, offspring of Earth] and then celebrated his victory in the company of the gods! „ “ CHORUS: ⟨...⟩ Son of Zeus [Heracles], what are you doing in the house? It is hellish confusion you send against it, as of old Athena did to Enceladus [Translator's note: Enceladus was a Giant, defeated by Athena in the Gigantomachy.]! „ “ AMPHITRYON: ⟨...⟩ the plain of Phlegra where the Giants were killed. „ “ HERACLES: ⟨...⟩ But what need to mention all the labors I endured once the firm muscles of youth had clothed my young body? What lions, what three-bodied Typhons, what Giants did I not slay, what throngs of four-legged Centaurs did I not make war against? „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euripides (c. 480-406 BC) Heracles ● 170-180 ● 906-909 ● 1191-1192 ● 1269-1273 David Kovacs Loeb Classical Library (LCL 009) © Harvard University Press, 1998 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 023 ▲ “ CHORUS: ⟨...⟩ Look at the rout of the Giants [Translator's note: The Giants were Earth's monstrous offspring who rose up against the Olympian gods and were defeated at Phlegra with the assistance of Heracles.] carved on the stonework! ⟩⟩ I see them, my friends! ⟩⟩ Do you see her [Athena], shaking over Enceladus her fierce-visaged shield [Translator's note: The shield of Athena had the head of the Gorgon depicted on it.] ... ⟩⟩ I see Pallas, my goddess. ⟩⟩ And do you see the thunderbolt with flame on either end? Zeus holds the mighty weapon in his far-hurling hands. ⟩⟩ I see it. With its flame he burns to ash Mimas his foeman. ⟩⟩ And Bromius, the Bacchic god [Dionysos] with his unwarlike wand of ivy slays another of the giant sons of Earth. „ “ OLD MAN: ⟨...⟩ when the Giants fought the gods in Phlegra. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euripides (c. 480-406 BC) Ion ● 206-218 ● 988 David Kovacs Loeb Classical Library (LCL 010) © Harvard University Press, 1999 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 024 ▲ “ ANTIOGONE: ⟨...⟩ a giant born of the earth ⟨...⟩ „ “ MESSENGER: ⟨...⟩ Capaneus, whose pride in war is like that of Ares himself, brought his company against the Electran gates [at Thebes]. Upon the iron-backed circle of his shield was an earthborn Giant, who had pried up the whole city from its foundations with a crowbar and was carrying it on his back, an indication of what our city would suffer. At the seventh gate was Adrastus, who had pictured on his shield a hundred snakes [ἔχιδνα], hydras [ὕδρα] he bore on his left arm, an Argive boast. And from the middle of the battlements the snakes [δράκων] were bearing off with their teeth the Thebans' children. I got to see each of these sights when I took round the watchword to the captains of the companies. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euripides (c. 480-406 BC) Phoenician Women ● 128 ● 1128-1140 David Kovacs Loeb Classical Library (LCL 011) © Harvard University Press, 2002 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 025 ▲ “ CHORUS: ⟨...⟩ the murderous Giants who opposed the gods. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euripides (c. 480-406 BC) Bacchae ● 544 David Kovacs Loeb Classical Library (LCL 495) © Harvard University Press, 2003 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 026 ▲ “ SILENUS: ⟨...⟩ in the battle with the Earthborn Giants [Translator's note: The Giants were the mighty sons of Ge (Earth), who was impregnated by the blood of Ouranos (Heaven). They rose against the Olympian gods and were defeated.] I took my stand protecting your right flank with my shield and, striking Enceladus with my spear in the center of his targe, killed him. (Come, let me see, did I dream all this? No, by Zeus, for I also displayed the spoils to Dionysus.) „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euripides (c. 480-406 BC) Cyclops ● 5-9 David Kovacs Loeb Classical Library (LCL 012) © Harvard University Press, 1994 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 027 ▲ “ CHORUS LEADER: Cebriones and Porphyrion [Translator's note: Two of the Giants, whose rebellion against the Olympian gods was crushed in the Plain of Phlegra; porphyrion was also the name of a bird.], what a redoubtable citadel! „ “ PEISETAERUS: ⟨...⟩ it's the Plain of Phlegra, where the Gods outshot the Earthborn [Giants] at bragging! „ “ PEISETAERUS: ⟨...⟩ And there was a time when just one Porphyrion caused him [Zeus] some trouble! „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Aristophanes (c. 446-386 BC) Birds ● 553 ● 824-825 ● 1251-1252 Jeffrey Henderson Loeb Classical Library (LCL 179) © Harvard University Press, 2000 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 028 ▲ “ SOCRATES: ⟨...⟩ I am not yet able, as the Delphic inscription has it, to know myself; so it seems to me ridiculous, when I do not yet know that, to investigate irrelevant things [For example, Centaurs, Chimaera, Gorgons, and Pegas.]. And so I dismiss these matters and accepting the customary belief about them, as I was saying just now, I investigate not these things, but myself, to know whether I am a monster more complicated and more furious than Typhon or a gentler and simpler creature, to whom a divine and quiet lot is given by nature. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Plato (c. 428-347 BC) Phaedrus ● 229 E-230 A Chris Emlyn-Jones, William Preddy Loeb Classical Library (LCL 036) © Harvard University Press, 2017 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 029 ▲ “ SOCRATES: ⟨...⟩ "Nor are any of those stories at all suitable that tell of the gods making war, plotting against and fighting other gods (they are not true anyway), if those who are going to guard our state are to consider it most shameful to fall recklessly into enmity with each other. Still less should stories of the battles of the giants be related and made into embroideries [Translator's note: For example, embroidered in the robe (peplos) conveyed to the Athenian Acropolis in the Panathenaic festival. See again Plato Euthyphro 6 B-C for a skeptical reference by S[ocrates] to the feuds of the gods depicted in scenes on this peplos and in other pictures.], and the many other hostile acts of every kind among the gods and heroes against their families and close associates. However, if we can somehow persuade them that no citizens have ever yet quarreled with each other and that this is impious behavior, such stories should be told straightaway to the children preferably by old men and women, and poets too should be compelled to compose stories like these for them to listen to when they get older. ⟨...⟩" „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Plato (c. 428-347 BC) Republic ● II: 378 C-D Chris Emlyn-Jones, William Preddy Loeb Classical Library (LCL 237) © Harvard University Press, 2013 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 030 ▲ “ ARISTOPHANES: ⟨...⟩ the male was originally the offspring of the sun, and the female of the earth; while that which partook of both sexes was born of the moon, for the moon also partakes of both. ⟨...⟩ they were of surprising strength and vigour, and so lofty in their notions that they even conspired against the gods; and the same story is told of them as Homer [c. 700s-600s BC] relates of Ephialtes and Otus [The brothers Aloadae, sons of Iphimedia, wife of Aloeus, by Poseidon. They piled Mount Ossa and Mount Pelion atop Mount Olympus.], that scheming to assault the gods in fight they essayed to mount high heaven. ⟨...⟩ Thereat Zeus and the other gods debated what they should do, and were perplexed: for they felt they could not slay them like the Giants, whom they had abolished root and branch with strokes of thunder - it would be only abolishing the honours and observances they had from men; nor yet could they endure such sinful rioting. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Plato (c. 428-347 BC) Symposium ● 190 B-D Walter Rangeley Maitland Lamb Loeb Classical Library (LCL 166) © Harvard University Press, 1925 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 031 ▲ “ ELEAN (ELEATIC) STRANGER: And indeed there seems to be a battle like that of the gods and the giants going on among them, because of their disagreement about existence [Translator's note: The Ionic philosophers, the Eleatics, Heracleitus, Empedocles, the Megarians, Gorgias, Protagoras, and Antisthenes all discussed the problem of being and not-being.]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Plato (c. 428-347 BC) Sophist ● 246 A Harold North Fowler Loeb Classical Library (LCL 123) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 032 ▲ “ Strattis makes it clear that it [the robe of Athena] was purple and yellow and embroidered with Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strattis (fl. c. late 400s-early 300s BC) Unknown ● 73 Ian C. Storey Loeb Classical Library (LCL 515) © Harvard University Press, 2011 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 033 ▲ “ And certainly the battle that is reported between the gods and the Giants and the victory was good for the gods, but it was bad for the Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (fl. c. late 400s-early 300s BC) Pairs of Arguments (Dissoi Logoi) ● [10] André Laks, Glenn Warren Most Loeb Classical Library (LCL 532) © Harvard University Press, 2016 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 034 ▲ “ Near the promontory of Iapygia is a spot, in which it is alleged, so runs the legend, that the battle between Heracles and the giants took place ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: [Aristotle] (384-322 BC) [Anonymous Peripatetic follower, c. 300s-200s BC?] On Marvellous Things Heard ● 97 (838 A, 28-30) Walter Stanley Hett Loeb Classical Library (LCL 307) © Harvard University Press, 1936 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 035 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the island [Translator's note: Pithecussa = Aenaria [Inarime], under which the giant Typhoeus lies buried and where the Cercopes were turned into apes by Zeus to mock the giants (Ovid Metamorphoses XIV, 90).] that crushed the back of the Giants and the fierce form of Typhon ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ the plains of the Sithonians and the fields of Pallene, which the ox-horned Brychon, who served the giants, fattens with his waters. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lycophron (c. 320s-200s BC) Alexandra ● 688-689 ● 1406-1408 A.W. Mair Loeb Classical Library (LCL 129) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 036 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ when the mount of Aetna smoulders with fire and all its secret depths are shaken as the giant under earth, even Briareus, shifts to his other shoulder ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Callimachus (c. 310-240 BC) Hymns ● IV. To Delos, 141-143 A.W. Mair Loeb Classical Library (LCL 129) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 037 ▲ “ All ye that are companions of the Bath of Pallas [Athena], come forth, come forth! I heard but now the snorting of the sacred steeds, and the goddess is ready to go. Haste ye now, O fair-haired daughters of Pelasgus, haste! Never did Athena wash her mighty arms before she drave the dust from the flanks of her horses - not even when, her armour all defiled with filth, she returned from the battle of the lawless Giants; but far first she loosed from the car her horses' necks, and in the springs of Oceanus washed the flecks of sweat and from their mouths that champed the bit cleansed the clotted foam. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Callimachus (c. 310-240 BC) Hymns ● V. On the Bath of Pallas, 1-12 A.W. Mair Loeb Classical Library (LCL 129) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 038 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ old age, which weighs upon me like the three-cornered island [Translator's note: The three-cornered island is Sicily, which Zeus is said to have hurled upon the giant Enceladus.] upon deadly Enceladus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Callimachus (c. 310-240 BC) Aetia ● I: 1. (Against the Telchines), 35-36 Constantine Athanasius Trypanis Loeb Classical Library (LCL 421) © Harvard University Press, 1973 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 039 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the monstrous offspring of deadly Typhoeus or even of Earth herself, like those [the Giants] she had long ago brought forth in anger at Zeus. „ “ [Argus speaking:] "O my friends, all the strength we possess to aid you will never be lacking, not the slightest bit, when any need arises. But Aeetes is terrifyingly armed with murderous cruelty, and for that reason I fear very much to make the voyage. He claims to be the son of Helius, and all around dwell countless tribes of Colchians. Even for Ares he would be a match with his terrifying war-cry and mighty strength. No, not even taking the fleece without Aeetes' knowledge is easy, for such is the snake [ὄφις] that keeps guard all around it, one that is immortal and sleepless, which Earth herself produced on the slopes of the Caucasus, by the rock of Typhaon, where they say Typhaon dripped warm blood from his head when he was blasted by the thunderbolt of Zeus, Cronus' son, when he raised his mighty hands against the god. He went in that condition to the mountains and plain of Nysa, where to this day he lies submerged beneath the waters of lake Serbonis [Translator's note: Located between Syria and Egypt. Other accounts place Typhaon (or Typhoeus) in Tartarus (cf. Hesiod Theogony 820-868), Cilicia (cf. Homer Iliad II, 782-783), or under mount Aetna (cf. Pindar Pythian Ode I, 13-28).]." „ “ At that time Aeetes put around his chest a rigid breastplate that Ares had given him after slaying Phlegraean Mimas with his own hands [Translator's note: Ares, Zeus, and Hephaestus are variously credited with slaying the Giant Mimas in the Phlegraean fields, located in the Chalcidice.]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Apollonius Rhodius (c. 295-215 BC) Argonautica ● II: 38-40 ● II: 1200-1215 ● III: 1225-1227 William H. Race Loeb Classical Library (LCL 001) © Harvard University Press, 2009 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 040 ▲ “ Children of Heaven and Earth [the Giants] and because being young and Zeus hurling with thunderbolts and lightnings he confined them [and he entrusted the dominion to Cronos to excel [all of them?] Ophi[on] [Ὀφίων] the (mountain?) named after him. The story (is) in Euphorion [Translator's note: Such "source" ascriptions cannot be relied upon to reproduce what the author in question actually said. The present story (whether Euphorion or not) combines features of stories about Giants and Titans, while the imprisonment of Ophion under a mountain recalls Typho underneath Mount Etna.]. Cf. Scholiast on Homer, Iliad, "Of the earth and sea, where Iapetus and Cronos".] After Zeus displaced his father Cronos from the kingship and took over the sovereignty of the gods, the Giants, sons of Earth, grew angry in Tartesus [Tartessos] (a city beside the Ocean) and prepared a great war against him. Meeting them in battle, Zeus overcame their entire force, removed them to Erebus, and handed dominion over them to his father Cronos. As for Ophion [Ὀφίων], who towered over them all, he defeated him and penned him under a mountain, which came to be known as "Ophionion" [Ὀφιώνιον] after him. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euphorion of Chalcis (c. 275-190 BC) Unknown ● 57 (Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 3830, fr. 3, col. ii) Jane Lucy Lightfoot Loeb Classical Library (LCL 508) © Harvard University Press, 2010 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 041 ▲ “ While Hera was still being brought up by her parents, one of the Giants, Eurymedon [Translator's note: King of the Giants.], raped her and made her pregnant. She gave birth to Prometheus. Afterwards, when Zeus married his sister and found out what had happened, he consigned Eurymedon to Tartarus and used ⟨his theft of⟩ fire as a pretext to tied up Prometheus in chains. The story is in Euphorion. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Euphorion of Chalcis (c. 275-190 BC) Unknown ● 58 (via Scholiast on Homer, Iliad) Jane Lucy Lightfoot Loeb Classical Library (LCL 508) © Harvard University Press, 2010 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 042 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ double-bodied Giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gnaeus Naevius (c. 270-200 BC) The Punic War or the Song of the Punic War ● Unassigned Fragment 46 Eric Herbert Warmington Loeb Classical Library (LCL 314) © Harvard University Press, 1936 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 043 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Earth's massive brood of Giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) Tusculan Disputations ● II: viii, 20 John Edward King Loeb Classical Library (LCL 141) © Harvard University Press, 1927 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 044 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ what is warring against the gods, as the giants did, other than fighting against Nature? „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) On Old Age ● II, 5 William Armistead Falconer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 154) © Harvard University Press, 1923 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 045 ▲ “ [I did not adjourn my case until, even as Jupiter buried beneath an island's weight the charred and prostrate Typhon, whose panting,] they say, keeps Etna aflame, so I had buried Verres beneath the evidence of all Sicily. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) The Speech on Behalf of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus ● XIII, 29 Neville Hunter Watts Loeb Classical Library (LCL 252) © Harvard University Press, 1931 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 046 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ those giants who, as the poets tell us, waged war against the immortal gods ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) The Speech Concerning the Response of the Soothsayers ● X, 20 Neville Hunter Watts Loeb Classical Library (LCL 158) © Harvard University Press, 1923 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 047 ▲ “ For inasmuch as it is generally accepted that Heracles fought on the side of the Olympian gods in their war against the Giants, they say that it in no way accords with the age of the earth for the Giants to have been born in the period when, as the Greeks say, Heracles lived, which was a generation before the Trojan War [Translator's note: Heracles, according to Greek mythology, was a contemporary of Laomedon, the father of Priam king of Troy, and with the help of Poseidon built for him the walls of Troy.], but rather at the time, as their own account gives it, when mankind first appeared on the earth; for from the latter time to the present the Egyptians reckon more than ten thousand years, but from the Trojan War less than twelve hundred. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the Egyptians relate in their myths that in the time of Isis there were certain creatures of many bodies, who are called by the Greeks Giants [Translator's note: But the Giants of Greek mythology were represented with "huge," not "many," bodies.], but by themselves ... , these being the men who are represented on their temples in monstrous form and as being cudgelled by Osiris. Now some say that they were born of the earth at the time when the genesis of living things from the earth was still recent, while some hold that they were only men of unusual physical strength who achieved many deeds and for this reason were described in the myths as of many bodies. But it is generally agreed that when they stirred up war against Zeus and Osiris they were all destroyed. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Diodorus Siculus (c. 90-30 BC) Library of History ● I: xxiv, 2-3 ● I: xxvi, 6-8 Charles Henry Oldfather Loeb Classical Library (LCL 279) © Harvard University Press, 1933 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 048 ▲ “ Ge (Earth), however, the mother of the monster [Aegis], was enraged and sent up the Giants, as they are called, to fight against the gods; but they were destroyed at a later time by Zeus, Athena and Dionysus and the rest of the gods taking part in the conflict on the side of Zeus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Diodorus Siculus (c. 90-30 BC) Library of History ● III: lxx, 6 Charles Henry Oldfather Loeb Classical Library (LCL 303) © Harvard University Press, 1935 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 049 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ when the Giants about Pallene chose to begin the war against the immortals, Heracles fought on the side of the gods, and slaying many of the Sons of Earth, he received the highest approbation. „ “ Heracles then moved on from the Tiber, and as he passed down the coast of what now bears the name of Italy he came to the Cumaean Plain. Here, the myths relate, there were men of outstanding strength the fame of whom had gone abroad for lawlessness and they were called Giants. This plain was called Phlegraean ("fiery") from the mountain which of old spouted forth a huge fire as Aetna did in Sicily; at this time, however, the mountain is called Vesuvius and shows many signs of the fire which once raged in those ancient times. Now the Giants, according to the account, on learning that Heracles was at hand, gathered in full force and drew themselves up in battle-order against him. The struggle which took place was a wonderful one, in view of both the strength and the courage of the Giants, but Heracles, they say, with the help of the gods who fought on his side, gained the upper hand in the battle, slew most of the Giants, and brought the land under cultivation. The myths record that the Giants were sons of the earth because of the exceedingly great size of their bodies. With regard, then, to the Giants who were slain in Phlegra, this is the account of certain writers of myths, who have been followed by the historian Timaeus [Timaeus of Tauromenium, c. 355-260 BC.] also. „ “ From the Phlegraean Plain Heracles went down to the sea ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Diodorus Siculus (c. 90-30 BC) Library of History ● IV: xv, 1 ● IV: xxi, 5-7 ● IV: xxii, 1 Charles Henry Oldfather Loeb Classical Library (LCL 303) © Harvard University Press, 1935 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 050 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ in the eastern parts of the island [Rhodos] there sprung up the Giants, as they were called; and {at the time when} Zeus is said to have subdued the Titans ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ he [Zeus] slew the Giants and their followers, Mylinus in Crete and Typhon in Phrygia. Before the battle against the Giants in Crete, we are told, Zeus sacrificed a bull to Helius and to Uranus and to Ge and in connection with each of the rites there was revealed to him what was the will of the gods in the affair, the omens indicating the victory of the gods and a defection to them of the enemy ⟨...⟩ „ “ Zeus also had other wars against the Giants, we are told, in Macedonia near Pallene and in Italy on the plain which of old was named Phlegraean ("fiery") after the region about it which had been burned, but which in later times men called Cumaean. Now the Giants were punished by Zeus because they had treated the rest of mankind in a lawless fashion and, confiding in their bodily superiority and strength, had enslaved their neighbours, and because they were also disobeying the rules of justice which he was laying down and were raising up war against those whom all mankind considered to be gods because of the benefactions they were conferring upon men generally. Zeus, then, we are told, not only totally eradicated the impious and evil-doers from among mankind, but he also distributed honours as they were merited among the noblest of the gods and heroes and men. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Diodorus Siculus (c. 90-30 BC) Library of History ● V: lv, 5 ● V: lxxi, 2-3 ● V: lxxi, 4-6 Charles Henry Oldfather Loeb Classical Library (LCL 340) © Harvard University Press, 1939 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 051 ▲ “ The porticoes [of the Temple of Olympian Zeus at Agrigento] were of enormous size and height, and in the east pediment they portrayed The Battle between the Gods and the Giants in sculptures which excelled in size and beauty ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Diodorus Siculus (c. 90-30 BC) Library of History ● XIII: lxxxii, 4 Charles Henry Oldfather Loeb Classical Library (LCL 384) © Harvard University Press, 1950 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 052 ▲ “ The Moon herself has ordained various days in various grades as lucky for work. Shun the fifth; then pale Orcus and the Furies were born: then in monstrous labour Earth bore Coeus, and Iapetus, and fierce Typhoeus, and the brethren [Translator's note: Otus and Ephialtes were sons of Aloeus and Iphimedia, and so not sons of Earth at all, but Virgil has here deserted Hesiod [c. 700s-600s BC] for Homer [c. 700s-600s BC] (Odyssey XI, 305-320).] who were banded to break down Heaven. Thrice did they essay to pile Ossa on Pelion, and over Ossa to roll leafy Olympus; thrice, with his bolt, the Father [Jupiter] dashed apart their up-piled mountains. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BC) Georgics ● I: 276-283 Henry Rushton Fairclough; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 063) © Harvard University Press, 1999 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 053 ▲ “ There lies a harbour, safe from the winds' approach and spacious in itself, but near at hand Aetna thunders with terrifying crashes, and now hurls forth to the sky a black cloud, smoking with pitch-black eddy and glowing ashes, and uplifts balls of flame and licks the stars - now violently vomits forth rocks, the mountain's uptorn entrails, and whirls molten stone skyward with a roar, and boils up from its lowest depths. The story runs that Enceladus' form, scathed by the thunderbolt, is weighed down by that mass, and mighty Aetna, piled above, from its burst furnaces breathes forth flame; and ever as he turns his weary side all Trinacria [Sicily] moans and trembles, veiling the sky in smoke. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus himself, towering aloft in arms ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ Inarime's rugged bed, laid by Jove's [Jupiter's] command above Typhoeus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BC) Aeneid ● III: 570-582 ● VIII: 298-299 ● IX: 716 Henry Rushton Fairclough; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 063) © Harvard University Press, 1999 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 054 ▲ “ My page sings for you not Jove's [Jupiter's] deadly war [Translator's note: The battle between Jupiter and the Giants, fought in Phlegra.] nor arrays the battle lines wherewith Phlegra once bristled, the land that was sprinkled with the Giants' blood, nor drives the Lapiths upon the Centaurs' swords ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ fast bound with serpents [serpens], monstrous Otus sits, mournfully gazing at Ephialtes, enchained hard by, for once seeking to mount the sky ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BC) Culex [Appendix Vergiliana] ● 26-29 ● 234-236 Henry Rushton Fairclough; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 064) © Harvard University Press, 2001 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 055 ▲ “ Thus in due order are inwoven the battles of Pallas [Athena], the great robes are adorned with the trophies of the Giants, and grim combats are depicted in blood-red scarlet. There is added he who was hurled down by the golden spear - Typhon, who aforetime, when paving heaven with the rocks of Ossa, sought to double the height of Olympus by piling thereon the Emathian mount [Translator's note: Pelion, a mountain of Thessaly (Emathia).]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BC) Ciris [Appendix Vergiliana] ● 29-34 Henry Rushton Fairclough; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 064) © Harvard University Press, 2001 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 056 ▲ “ First, let none be deceived by the fictions poets tell - that Aetna is the home of a god, that the fire gushing from her swollen jaws is Vulcan's fire, and that the echo in that cavernous prison comes from his restless work. No task so paltry have the gods. To meanest crafts one may not rightly lower the stars; their sway is royal, aloft in a remote heaven; they reck not to handle the toil of artisans. There is this second form of poetic error, different from the first. Aetna's furnaces, it is declared, are those the Cyclopes used, when, employing their strength in rhythmic strokes upon the anvil, they forged the dread thunderbolt beneath their heavy hammers and so gave Jupiter his panoply - a graceless tale with ne'er a pledge of truth. Next, there is a sacrilegious legend which molests with Phlegra's a warfare [Translator's note: It was fabled that the Earth-born brood of the Giants, in their rebellion against the gods, sought to scale heaven by piling Mount Ossa on Pelion and then Olympus on Ossa. They were discomfited by Jupiter's lightnings on the Phlegraean plain in Macedonia.] the ever-living fires of Aetna's summit. In olden time the giants essayed impiously to thrust down the stars from the firmament, then capturing Jove [Jupiter] to place his sovereignty elsewhere and impose their laws on vanquished heaven. These monsters have man's nature down to the belly; below 'tis a scaly serpent [serpens] that forms the tortuous windings of their steps. Great mountains are built into a pile for waging the battle. Ossa weighs down Pelion; Olympus, topmost of the three, lies heavy on Ossa. Now they strive to climb the mountain-masses heaped in one; the sacrilegious host challenges to close fight the alarmed stars - challenges in hostile array all the gods to battle: the standards advance through constellations paralysed. From heaven Jupiter shrinks in alarm; weaponing his glittering right hand with flame, he withdraws the firmament in gloom. With mighty outcry the Giants begin their onset; hereat thunders the deep voice of the Sire, and therewithal from every quarter the supporting winds with their discordant host redouble the noise. Thick burst the torrents through the astonied clouds: all the warlike prowess of one and every god joins the common cause. Already was Pallas [Athena] at her father's right and Mars at his left: already the rest of the gods take their stand, a glory on either flank. Then Jupiter discharges the din of his puissant fires: he hurls his bolt and lays the mountains low. From that scene the falling throng fled vanquished, the armies embattled against heaven: headlong the godless foe is driven, his camp with him, and Mother Earth urging her prostrate sons back to the fight they have lost. Then peace is restored to the firmament: then mid stars at rest comes Bacchus: the sky and the honour of a world preserved are now restored to the stars. As in the Sicilian sea Enceladus lies dying, Jupiter whelms him under Aetna. Beneath the mountain's mighty weight he tosses feverishly, and rebellious breathes fire from his throat. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: [Virgil] (Anonym, c. first century BC-first century AD, before 63 AD) Aetna ● 29-73 J. Wight Duff, Arnold M. Duff Loeb Classical Library (LCL 284) © Harvard University Press, 1934 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 057 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the impious band of Giants climbed up the slope to reach your father's [Jupiter's] kingdom ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 BC) Odes ● II: 19. To Bacchus, 21-22 Niall Rudd Loeb Classical Library (LCL 033) © Harvard University Press, 2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 058 ▲ “ Dreaded monarchs have power over their own flocks; monarchs themselves are under the power of Jove [Jupiter], who in the glory of his triumph over the Giants moves the whole universe with the nod of his brow. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 BC) Odes ● III: 1. Simplicity, 5-8 Niall Rudd Loeb Classical Library (LCL 033) © Harvard University Press, 2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 059 ▲ “ We know how the impious Titans and their outlandish troops were eliminated by the hurtling thunderbolt of him who controls the torpid earth, the windy sea, and the ghosts in the realms of gloom, and who rules alone with impartial authority both the gods and the hordes of men [Translator's note: The mythical revolts against Jupiter (Zeus) are seen as a parallel to the battles of Actium and Alexandria.]. That fearsome young group, relying on the strength of its arms, along with the brothers who strove to place Pelion on top of leafy Olympus, had caused great terror to Jove [Jupiter]. Yet what could Typhoeus and the mighty Mimas, what could Porphyrion with his threatening stance, what could Rhoetus and the reckless Enceladus, who used torn-up tree trunks as javelins, accomplish by charging against the ringing breastplate [aegis] of Pallas [Athena]? „ “ The swift flames have not yet eaten through Etna, which crushes them [Titans] ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 BC) Odes ● III: 4. Poetic and Political Harmony, 42-58 ● III: 4. Poetic and Political Harmony, 75-76 Niall Rudd Loeb Classical Library (LCL 033) © Harvard University Press, 2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 060 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ although the city is now called Cumae, it is reputed to have been founded by the Chalcidians alone. In earlier times, then, the city was prosperous, and so was what is called the Phlegraean Plain, which mythology has made the setting of the story of the Giants - for no other reason, it would seem, than that the land, on account of its excellence, was a thing to fight for ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ the whole district, as far as Baiae and Cumae, has a foul smell, because it is full of sulphur and fire and hot waters. And some believe that it is for this reason that the Cumaean country was called "Phlegra" [Translator's note: That is, "Blazing-land", if the etymologists here referred to by Strabo were right. "Phlegra" was also the old name of Pallene, the westernmost of the peninsulas of Chalcidice, and a volcanic region. Mythology associates the Giants with both regions.], and that it is the wounds of the fallen giants, inflicted by the thunderbolts, that pour forth those streams of fire and water. „ “ Hence, also, the myth according to which Typhon lies beneath this island, and when he turns his body the flames and the waters, and sometimes even small islands containing boiling water, spout forth. But what Pindar [c. 518-438 BC] says is more plausible, since he starts with the actual phenomena; for this whole channel, beginning at the Cumaean country and extending as far as Sicily, is full of fire, and has caverns deep down in the earth that form a single whole, connecting not only with one another but also with the mainland; and therefore, not only Aetna clearly has such a character as it is reported by all to have, but also the Lipari Islands, and the districts round about Dicaearchia, Neapolis, and Baiae, and the island of Pithecussae [Inarime or Aenaria]. This, I say, is Pindar's thought when he says that Typhon lies beneath this whole region: "Now, however, both Sicily and the sea-fenced cliffs beyond Cumae press hard upon his shaggy breast." „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) Geography ● V: iv, 4 ● V: iv, 6 ● V: iv, 9 Horace Leonard Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 050) © Harvard University Press, 1923 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 061 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the mythical story is told that those of the Giants who survived at the Campanian Phlegra and are called the Leuternian Giants were driven out by Heracles, and on fleeing hither for refuge were shrouded by Mother Earth, and the fountain gets its malodorous stream from the ichor of their bodies; and for this reason, also, the seaboard here is called Leuternia. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) Geography ● VI: iii, 5 Horace Leonard Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 182) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 062 ▲ “ The name of the peninsula is Pallene ⟨...⟩ writers say that in earlier times the giants lived here and that the country was named Phlegra; the stories of some are mythical, but the account of others is more plausible ⟨...⟩ „ “ The peninsula Pallene, on whose isthmus is situated the city formerly called Potidaea and now Cassandreia, was called Phlegra in still earlier times. It used to be inhabited by the giants of whom the myths are told, an impious and lawless tribe, whom Heracles destroyed. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) Geography ● VII (fragments): 25 ● VII (fragments): 27 Horace Leonard Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 182) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 063 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the setting of the mythical story of the Arimi and of the throes of Typhon, calling it the Catacecaumene country. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) Geography ● XII: viii, 19 Horace Leonard Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 211) © Harvard University Press, 1928 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 064 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ they add that the place is woody and subject to strokes of lightning, and that the Arimi live there, for after Homer's [c. 700s-600s BC] verse, "in the land of the Arimi where men say is the couch of Typhon", [Homer Iliad II, 783] they insert the words, "in a wooded place, in the fertile land of Hyde." But others lay the scene of this myth in Cilicia, and some lay it in Syria, and still others in the Pithecussae [Inarime or Aenaria] Islands, who say that among the Tyrrhenians "pitheci" [i.e. monkeys] are called "arimi". Some call Sardeis Hyde, while others call its acropolis Hyde. But the Scepsian [Demetrius of Scepsis, c. 200-150 BC] thinks that those writers are most plausible who place the Arimi in the Catacecaumene country in Mysia. But Pindar [c. 518-438 BC] associates the Pithecussae which lie off the Cymaean territory, as also the territory in Sicily, with the territory in Cilicia, for he says that Typhon lies beneath Aetna: "Once he dwelt in a far-famed Cilician cavern; now, however, his shaggy breast is o'er-pressed by the sea-girt shores above Cymae and by Sicily." [Pindar Pythian Ode I, 31] And again, "round about him lies Aetna with her haughty fetters", and again, "but it was father Zeus that once amongst the Arimi, by necessity, alone of the gods, smote monstrous Typhon of the fifty heads." But some understand that the Syrians are Arimi, who are now called the Arimaeans, and that the Cilicians in Troy, forced to migrate, settled again in Syria and cut off for themselves from Syria what is now called Cilicia. Callisthenes [c. 360-327 BC] says that the Arimi, after whom the neighbouring mountains are called Arima, are situated near Mt. Calycadnus [!] and the promontory of Sarpedon near the Corycian cave itself. „ “ The surface of the plains are covered with ashes, and the mountainous and rocky country is black, as though from conflagration. Now some conjecture that this resulted from thunderbolts and from fiery subterranean outbursts, and they do not hesitate to lay there the scene of the mythical story of Typhon; and Xanthus [Xanthus of Lydia, fl. c. middle 400s BC] adds that a certain Arimus was king of this region; but it is not reasonable to suppose that all that country was burnt all at once by reason of such disturbances, but rather by reason of an earth-born fire, the sources of which have now been exhausted. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) Geography ● XIII: iv, 6 ● XIII: iv, 11 Horace Leonard Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 223) © Harvard University Press, 1929 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 065 ▲ “ The Orontes River flows near the city [Daphne]. This river has its sources in Coele-Syria; and then, after flowing underground, issues forth again; and then, proceeding through the territory of the Apameians into that of Antiocheia, closely approaches the latter city and flows down to the sea near Seleuceia. Though formerly called Typhon, its name was changed to that of Orontes, the man who built a bridge across it. Here, somewhere, is the setting of the mythical story of Typhon's stroke by lightning and of the mythical story of the Arimi, of whom I have already spoken. They say that Typhon (who, they add, was a dragon [δράκων]), when struck by the bolts of lightning, fled in search of a descent underground; that he not only cut the earth with furrows and formed the bed of the river, but also descended underground and caused the fountain to break forth to the surface; and that the river got its name from this fact. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Strabo (c. 64 BC-24 AD) Geography ● XVI: ii, 7 Horace Leonard Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 241) © Harvard University Press, 1930 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 066 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ I should not sing of Titans, or Ossa piled on Olympus that Pelion might become the path to heaven ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ to thunder forth the battle waged on Phlegra's plain between Jove [Jupiter] and Enceladus ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Sextus Propertius (c. 50-14 BC) Elegies ● II: 1. The Task, 19-20 ● II: 1. The Task, 39 George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 018) © Harvard University Press, 1990 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 067 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the arms of Jove [Jupiter], and Coeus and Eurymedon threatening heaven from the hills of Phlegra ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Sextus Propertius (c. 50-14 BC) Elegies ● III: 9. To Maecenas, 48-49 George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 018) © Harvard University Press, 1990 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 068 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ we made Enceladus, hurling the spear with a thousand arms ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Amores ● III: xii, 27 Grant Showerman; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 041) © Harvard University Press, 1914 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 069 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ that high heaven might be no safer than the earth, they say that the Giants essayed the very throne of heaven, piling huge mountains, one on another, clear up to the stars. Then the Almighty Father [Jupiter] hurled his thunderbolts, shattered Olympus, and dashed Pelion down from underlying Ossa. When those dread bodies lay o'erwhelmed by their own bulk, they say that Mother Earth, drenched with their streaming blood, informed that warm gore anew with life, and, that some trace of her former offspring might remain, she gave it human form. But this new stock, too, proved contemptuous of the gods, very greedy for slaughter, and passionate. You might know that they were sons of blood. „ “ ⟨...⟩ when the gods had taken their seats within the marble council chamber, the king himself [Jupiter], seated high above the rest and leaning on his ivory sceptre, shook thrice and again his awful locks, wherewith he moved the land and sea and sky. Then he opened his indignant lips, and thus spoke he: "I was not more troubled than now for the sovereignty of the world when each one of the serpent-footed [anguis] giants was in act to lay his hundred hands upon the captive sky. For, although that was a savage enemy, their whole attack sprung from one body and one source. ⟨...⟩" „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Metamorphoses ● I: 151-162 ● I: 177-186 Frank Justus Miller; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 042) © Harvard University Press, 1916 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 070 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ whatever way he [Jupiter] can he essays to lessen his own might, nor arms himself now with that bolt with which he had hurled down from heaven Typhoeus of the hundred hands, for that weapon were too deadly; but there is a lighter bolt, to which the Cyclops' hands had given a less devouring flame, a wrath less threatening. The gods call them his "Second Armoury". „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Metamorphoses ● III: 302-307 Frank Justus Miller; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 042) © Harvard University Press, 1916 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 071 ▲ “ She [One of the nine daughters of Pierus, king of Thessaly, turned into magpies by Calliope, the Muse of eloquence and epic poetry.] sang of the battle of the gods and giants, ascribing undeserved honour to the giants, and belittling the deeds of the mighty gods: how Typhoeus, sprung from the lowest depths of earth, inspired the heavenly gods with fear, and how they all turned their backs and fled, until, weary, they found refuge in the land of Egypt and the seven-mouthed Nile. How even there Typhoeus, son of earth, pursued them, and the gods hid themselves in lying shapes ⟨...⟩ „ “ The huge island of Sicily had been heaped upon the body of the giant, and with its vast weight was resting on Typhoeus, who had dared to aspire to the heights of heaven. He struggles indeed, and strives often to rise again; but his right hand is held down by Ausonian Pelorus and his left by you, Pachynus. Lilybaeum rests on his legs, and Aetna's weight is on his head. Flung on his back beneath this mountain, the fierce Typhoeus spouts forth ashes and vomits flames from his mouth. Often he puts forth all his strength to push off the weight of earth and to roll the cities and great mountains from his body: then the earth quakes ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Metamorphoses ● V: 319-326 ● V: 346-356 Frank Justus Miller; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 042) © Harvard University Press, 1916 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 072 ▲ “ Oft have I sung the power of Jove [Jupiter] before; I have sung the giants in a heavier strain, and the victorious bolts hurled on the Phlegraean plains. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Metamorphoses ● X: 149-151 Frank Justus Miller; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 043) © Harvard University Press, 1916 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 073 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the battles of his [Jupiter's] war with the Giants ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ the Giants conquered by Jove's [Jupiter's] lightning ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Tristia ● II: The Poet's Plea, 71 ● II: The Poet's Plea, 333-334 A. L. Wheeler; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 151) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 074 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ snaky-footed [serpens] giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Tristia ● IV: vii. A Reproach, 17 A. L. Wheeler; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 151) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 075 ▲ “ I never imagined that should Ossa uphold Pelion, my hand could touch the bright stars; I have not joined the mad camp of Enceladus and aroused war against the gods who rule the world ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Epistulae ex Ponto ● II: ii. To Messalinus, 9-12 A. L. Wheeler; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 151) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 076 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the Giants aiming at the sovereignty of heaven were hurled to the Styx by the cloud-bearing thunderbolt of the avenger [Jupiter] ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Epistulae ex Ponto ● IV: viii. To Suillius, 59-60 A. L. Wheeler; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 151) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 077 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus blew, and that a sudden blaze shot out from Etna's fires. „ “ Once on a time Dione [Translator's note: Mother of Venus, here for Venus herself.], fleeing from the dreadful Typhon, when Jupiter bore arms in defence of heaven, came to the Euphrates, accompanied by the little Cupid, and sat down by the brink of the Palestinian water. „ “ Jupiter assumed the thunderbolts after the giants dared attempt to win the sky; at first he was unarmed. Ossa blazed with the new fires (of his thunderbolts); Pelion, too, higher than Ossa, and Olympus, fixed in the solid ground. „ “ Lofty Etna lies over the mouth of huge Typhoeus, whose fiery breath sets the ground aglow [Translator's note: The monster was imprisoned beneath Etna.]. „ “ Earth brought forth the Giants, a fierce brood, enormous monsters, who durst assault Jove's [Jupiter's] mansion; she gave them a thousand hands, and snakes [anguis] for legs, and said, "Take arms against the great gods". They set themselves to pile up the mountains to the topmost stars and to harass great Jupiter in war. From heaven's citadel Jupiter hurled thunderbolts and turned the ponderous weights upon their movers. These weapons of the gods protected Majesty well; she survived and has been worshipped ever since. Hence she sits beside Jupiter, she is Jupiter's most faithful guardian; she assures to him his sceptre's peaceful tenure. „ “ ⟨...⟩ trophies won from giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) Fasti ● I: 573-574 ● II: 451-464 ● III: 439-442 ● IV: 491-492 ● V: 35-46 ● V: 555 James George Frazer; Revised by George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 253) © Harvard University Press, 1931 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 078 ▲ “ JUNO: ⟨...⟩ Release the Titans who dared disrupt Jove's [Jupiter's] sway; open the cavern in the Sicilian peak, and let the Dorian land, which trembles whenever the giant struggles, free the pinioned neck of that horrific monster [Translator's note: Typhoeus (also called Typhon), imprisoned under Mt. Etna in "Dorian" Sicily.]. „ “ HERCULES: ⟨...⟩ What is this? The pestilential Giants are in arms. Tityos has escaped the underworld, and stands so close to heaven, his chest all torn and empty! Cithaeron lurches, high Pallene shakes, and Tempe's beauty withers. One Giant has seized the peaks of Pindus, another has seized Oeta, and Mimas rages fearfully. „ “ HERCULES: ⟨...⟩ My bowstring must shoot its swift arrows. Yes, this is how Hercules' weapons should be fired! „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-65 AD) Hercules ● 79-82 ● 976-981 ● 989-981 John G. Fitch Loeb Classical Library (LCL 062) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 079 ▲ “ MEDEA: ⟨...⟩ For you [Hecate] this wreath is woven with bloodstained hand and tied with serpents [serpens] nine; for you these limbs, borne by discordant Typhon, who shook the throne of Jove [Jupiter]. This holds the blood of the treacherous ferryman, given by Nessus as he died. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-65 AD) Medea ● 771-776 John G. Fitch Loeb Classical Library (LCL 062) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 080 ▲ “ OEDIPUS: The charge and stigma of cowardice is foreign to me, my manhood knows no fainthearted fears. If weapons were drawn against me, if war's dread violence were sweeping down on me, I would be boldly advancing even against the savage Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-65 AD) Oedipus ● 87-91 John G. Fitch Loeb Classical Library (LCL 078) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 081 ▲ “ CHORUS: ⟨...⟩ Can it be that the prison of Dis is open and the conquered Giants are venturing war? Can it be that wounded Tityos renews his ancient rage in his weary breast? Can Typhon have thrown the mountain [Etna] off and stretched his limbs? Can it be that a soaring path is built by Phlegraean foes [Translator's note: The Giants, who fought the Olympian gods at Phlegra and tried to storm heaven by piling up mountains.], and that Thessaly's Pelion is burdened with the weight of Thracian Ossa? „ “ THYESTES: ⟨...⟩ the triple mass of mountains [Translator's note: Pelion, Ossa, and Olympus, piled up by the Giants.] fall, along with the Giants who stood tall as mountains ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-65 AD) Thyestes ● 805-813 ● 1082-1084 John G. Fitch Loeb Classical Library (LCL 078) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 082 ▲ “ CHORUS OF OECHALIAN WOMEN: ⟨...⟩ His angry visage carried a power like death; to have seen the threatening Hercules was enough. What giant Briareus or swollen Gyges [Two of the Hecatoncheires (Hundred-Handers, Centimanes)], standing on mountains piled in Thessaly and reaching snaky [vipera] hands toward the sky, glared so ferociously? Yet from great disasters great gains emerge: no further evil remains, we have seen the anger of Hercules to our sorrow. „ “ HERCULES: Bright Titan [Sol], turn around your panting horses, release the night! Let the world lose this day of my death, let heaven be roiled with black clouds: block my stepmother's [Juno's?] view! Now, father [Jupiter], blind chaos should be restored; both poles should be smashed, the firmament shattered from end to end. Why spare the stars? You are losing Hercules, father. Now, Jupiter, look to every quarter of heaven, lest some Gyges hurl Thessalian peaks, and Othrys prove a light weight for Enceladus. Proud Pluto will shortly open the doors of his black prison, strike off his father's [Saturn's] chains and restore him to heaven. I, the one born on earth in lieu of your fiery thunderbolt, am returning to the Styx. Fierce Enceladus will arise and hurl at the gods the burden that now oppresses him. My death, father, will put the entire realm of the sky at risk for you. Before you are completely despoiled of the heavens, hide me, father, in the utter ruin of the cosmos, smash the sky that you are losing. CHORUS OF AETOLIAN WOMEN: Your fears are not empty, son of the Thunderer. Now Ossa in Thessaly will bear the weight of Pelion, and Athos piled on Pindus will poke its trees among heaven's stars. Then Typhon will prevail and lift the crags of Tyrrhene Inarime [Translator's note: Beneath which he is pinned, as Enceladus is beneath Mt. Etna.]; Enceladus, still not quelled by the lightning, will lift the forges of Etna then and rend the gaping mountain's flank. Heaven's realm is following you already. HERCULES: I who left the world of death, who scorned the Styx and returned straight through Lethe's pools with my spoil, at sight of which the Titan was almost thrown by his stumbling horses - I, whose presence the gods' three realms have felt - am dying. Yet there is no grating sword thrust through my side; the weapon of my death is not a rock, nor a boulder big as a sheer mountain, nor the whole bulk of Othrys; no fiercely grimacing Giant buried my body beneath the whole of Pindus. I am defeated without an enemy, and as a greater torment - such grief to my valor! - Alcides' [Hercules'] last day strikes down no evil; I am not expending my life, alas, on any deeds. „ “ CHORUS OF AETOLIAN WOMEN: You see how valor is alert to fame and has no dread of Lethe River? Not grieved by death, but shamed by its source, he longs to end his final day crushed by a maddened, hulking giant, to succumb to a mountain-bearing Titan or owe his demise to a ravening beast. But your hand is the cause, pitiable man, of the fact that there is no beast, no giant. What fitting source of Hercules' death remains except your own right hand? „ “ HERCULES: Turn your eyes on my destruction, father [Jupiter]! Alcides [Hercules] has never fled to your hands: not when the hydra stretched its fertile heads over my body; amid the infernal pools in the grip of black night I stood with Fate, and did not call upon you; I conquered so many beasts, kings, tyrants, without turning my eyes up to the stars. Always this right hand has guaranteed what I prayed for; no thunderbolts have flashed out of the holy heavens on my account. But this day has bidden me request something. It will be the first to have heard my prayers, and the last. I ask for just one thunderbolt; consider me a giant [Translator's note: Jupiter had used his thunderbolts against the giants who attacked heaven.]! I could have laid claim to heaven no less than they; but believing you my true father, I spared the heavens. Whether in callousness or in mercy, father, lend your hand to your son in a speedy death, and appropriate this glory as your own. Or if that is repellent, if your hand recoils from such outrage, release the burning Titans from the Sicilian height [Translator's note: Etna], father, so they can bear Pindus against me, fling Mt. Ossa down on me and crush me. Let Bellona break the bonds of Erebus and attack me with sword drawn; send grim Gradivus, let him put on his dread armor against me; he is my brother, true, but by my stepmother [Juno?]. You too, sister to Alcides by his father only: hurl your sharp spear, Pallas [Athena], against your brother. I stretch out my hands in supplication to you, stepmother, I pray you: you at least must fire a thunderbolt; I can accept death at a female's hand. „ “ HERCULES: ⟨...⟩ Pindus could bear down on me, and Haemus, and Athos that breaks the waves of Thrace, and Mimas that receives Jove's [Jupiter's] thunderbolts. „ “ PHILOCTETES: ⟨...⟩ If placed on that pyre, even monstrous Typhon would have groaned, or the one who tore Ossa from the earth and set it on his shoulders, ferocious Enceladus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-65 AD) Hercules on Oeta ● 165-172 ● 1131-1173 ● 1207-1217 ● 1290-1318 ● 1382-1384 ● 1733-1735 John G. Fitch Loeb Classical Library (LCL 078) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 083 ▲ “ OCTAVIA: Cruel seas will unite with stars, fire with water, heaven with gloomy Tartarus, kindly light with darkness, day with dewy night, before my mind, with its constant memory of my dead brother [Britannicus, 41-55 AD], will unite with my wicked husband's [Nero's, r. 54-68 AD] unrighteous mind. If only heaven's ruler [Jupiter], who often shakes the earth with storming thunderbolts, and frightens our minds with supernatural fires and strange portents, would plan to heap fire on the monstrous head of this evil emperor! We have seen a comet's menacing flames spread their blazing radiance through the heavens, where each successive night the Wain is driven by slow Bootes, stiff with arctic cold. Look, how the very sky is tainted with the menace breathed by this savage leader: the stars threaten new disasters for the nations ruled by his unrighteousness. Not such a savage was Typhon, born once in anger by mother Earth in Jove's [Jupiter's] despite; this scourge is graver than that, this foe of gods and men has expelled divinities from their temples and citizens from their fatherland, robbed his brother of life, drained his mother's blood - and he still sees the light of day, is blessed with life and draws his pestilential breath! O father on high [Jupiter], why does your royal hand so often hurl your invincible bolts uselessly, at random? Why does your right hand not act against one who is so guilty? If only he might be punished for his crimes, this spurious Nero [Translator's note: Nero was a name of the Claudian gens, received by the future emperor when he was adopted by Claudius.], really Domitius' [Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus', 2 BC-41 AD] son, tyrant of the world, which he oppresses and degrades, as he tarnishes the name Augustus with his depravity! „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Annaeus Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC-65 AD) Octavia ● 222-251 John G. Fitch Loeb Classical Library (LCL 078) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 084 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ when Earth in rage bore forth the monstrous Giants against the skies. Then even the gods sought aid of mighty gods, and Jupiter himself felt the need of another Jupiter, fearing lest his power prove powerless. He saw the earth rising up, so that he deemed all nature was being overthrown; mountains piled on lofty mountains he saw growing; he saw the stars retreating from heights which were now neighbours, heights which brought up the armed Giants, brood of a mother they tore apart, deformed creatures of unnatural face and shape. Nor did the gods know whether anyone could inflict death upon them or whether forces existed greater than their own. „ “ With justice are they held to be the dread abodes of Typhon, whom savage Earth brought forth when she gave birth to war against heaven and sons as massive as their mother appeared [Translator's note: Typhon (or Typhoeus) is here (as in Horace) represented as being one of the Giants, though he was not born until after their defeat: his story is told by Apollodorus Library I, vi, 3.]. Even so, the thunderbolt hurled them back to the womb, the collapsing mountains recoiled upon them, and Typhoeus was sent to the grave of his warfare and his life alike. Even his mother quakes as he blazes beneath Etna's mount. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the goddess of Cythera [Translator's note: Venus] a changed herself into a fish when she plunged into the waters of Babylon to escape from snake-footed [anguis] Typhon of the winged shoulders; and she has implanted in the scaly Fishes the fire of her own passions. „ “ On the Fishes was bestowed the Euphrates, when in flight from Typhon Venus accepted their aid and hid beneath its waters ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ in ages past the Giants were vowed to destruction before they fell, for Jupiter armed not his hand with the powerful thunderbolt until he had stood as priest before the gods. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Manilius (fl. c. early first century AD) Astronomica ● I: 421-431 ● II: 874-880 ● IV: 579-582 ● IV: 800-801 ● V: 341-343 George Patrick Goold Loeb Classical Library (LCL 469) © Harvard University Press, 1977 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 085 ▲ “ The Tuscan writers hold the view that there are nine gods who send thunderbolts, and that these are of eleven kinds, because Jupiter hurls three varieties. Only two of these deities have been retained by the Romans, who attribute thunderbolts in the daytime to Jupiter and those in the night to Summanus [His statue stood on the top of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus); see Cicero On Divination I, x, 16.], the latter being naturally rare because the sky at night is colder. „ “ That Pheidias [c. 480-430 BC] is the most famous sculptor among all peoples who appreciate the fame of his Olympian Jupiter is beyond doubt, but in order that even those who have not seen his works may be assured that his praises are well-earned I shall produce evidence that is insignificant in itself and sufficient only to prove his inventiveness. To do so, I shall not appeal to the beauty of his Olympian Jupiter or to the size of his Minerva at Athens, even though this statue, made of ivory and gold, is 26 cubits [~13 m] in height. But rather, I shall mention her shield, on the convex border of which he engraved a Battle of the Amazons, and on the hollow side Combats of Gods and Giants; and her sandals, on which he depicted Combats of Lapiths and Centaurs. So truly did every detail lend itself to his art. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-79 AD) Natural History ● II: liii, 138 ● XXXVI: iv, 18-19 Harris Rackham Loeb Classical Library (LCL 330) © Harvard University Press, 1938 Loeb Classical Library (LCL 419) © Harvard University Press, 1962 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 086 ▲ “ Like the Giant Mimas, the son of Earth, when he fought on the fields of Phlegra [Translator's note: Phlegra, afterwards called Pallene, in Macedonia was the place where Mimas and the other Titans fought against the gods.] and terrified Heaven, so the gigantic Crixus sent forth a cry from his brutish [Gaulish] breast and roused his fury with hideous yells [At the Battle of Ticinus of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), fought in late November 218 BC.]. „ “ Huge as the snakes [anguis] that armed the Giants [Translator's note: The Giants who tried to storm heaven are often represented in later Greek art as having serpents for feet.] when they stormed heaven ⟨...⟩ „ “ Prochyte was not absent, nor Inarime, the place appointed for ever-burning Typhoeus [Translator's note: Prochyta (now Procida) and Inarime (now Ischia) are islands on the same coast. The volcanic eruptions were attributed to the giants imprisoned below the islands.] ⟨...⟩ „ “ A tremendous shout went up [At the Battle of Cannae of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), fought on 2 August 216 BC.] to the deserted sky, loud as the challenge sent up to heaven by the army of the Earthborn [Giants] on the plain of Phlegra, loud as the voice with which Jupiter, creator of the universe, demanded fresh thunderbolts from the Cyclopes, when he saw the aspiring Giants coming, with mountains piled on mountains, to seize the throne of heaven. „ “ Men say that the Giants whom the might of Hercules overthrew shake the earth that lies piled above them [Translator's note: The Giants were punished for their revolt against the gods by being placed under mountains; and volcanic action is caused by their struggles: Mimas lies under Prochyte, and Iapetus under Inarime.]; the distant fields are scorched by their panting breath, and, whenever they threaten to burst the framework of their burden, the gods tremble. They could see Prochyte, the place appointed for savage Mimas, and Inarime in the distance, which stands above Iapetus, while he spouts forth black smoke and flame from his mutinous jaws, and seeks, if he is ever suffered to get free, to renew his war against Jupiter and the gods. „ “ The pools of Erebus [Translator's note: Hades.] heard it, and Typhoeus [Translator's note: The Giant imprisoned under Inarime (Ischia).], hidden in deep darkness, recognized the sound of war in heaven. „ “ [Juno speaking to Hannibal:] ⟨...⟩ behold the mighty form of Jupiter - how he shakes the aegis till it vomits forth fire and storm, and how he gluts his fierce wrath with bursts of flame. Turn your face hither and dare to look at the Thunder-god. When he shakes his head, what storms, what mighty bolts you see obedient to his nod! What fire flashes from his eyes! Yield at last to Heaven, and fight no more against it like the Giants. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Scylla and the fierce Centaurs, and the ghosts of the Giants. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Catana, too close to the fire of Typhoeus [Translator's note: Typhoeus, a giant, was imprisoned under Etna.] ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ Etna of the rocky peaks, the pyre that covers living Enceladus ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ no sight attracted the eyes and minds of the people more than the picture of Hannibal [247-183/181 BC] in retreat over the plains [At the Battle of Zama of the Second Punic War (218-201 BC), fought on 19 October 202 BC.]. Scipio [Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, 236/235-183 BC, consul 205, 194 BC] himself, erect in his chariot and splendid in purple and gold, gave to the citizens the spectacle of his martial countenance. So looked Bacchus, when he drove his car, wreathed with vine-leaves and drawn by tigers, down from the incense-breathing land of the Indians; and so looked Hercules, when he had slain the huge Giants and marched along the plains of Phlegra, with his head reaching the stars. Hail to thee, father [Translator's note: "Father of his country" was a Roman title of honour which very few Romans gained.] and undefeated general, not inferior in glory to Quirinus [An early god of the Roman state or, perhaps, Hercules Quirinus?], and not inferior to Camillus [Marcus Furius Camillus, c. 446-365 BC] in thy services! Rome tells no lie, when she gives thee a divine origin and calls thee the son of the Thunder-god [Jupiter] who dwells on the Capitol [For the divine paternity of Scipio and Jupiter's ophiomorphic appearance to his mother Pomponia, see XIII, 615-649]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus (c. 25-101 AD) Punica ● IV: 275-278 ● VI: 181-182 ● VIII: 540-541 ● IX: 304-309 ● XII: 143-151 ● XII: 659-660 ● XII: 719-725 ● XIII: 590 ● XIV: 196 ● XIV: 578-579 ● XVII: 643-654 James Duff Duff Loeb Classical Library (LCL 277) © Harvard University Press, 1934 Loeb Classical Library (LCL 278) © Harvard University Press, 1934 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 087 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ scowling Jupiter descend from the heights of great Olympus and scatter the arms of the doomed Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gaius Petronius Arbiter (c. 27-66 AD) Satyricon ● 206-208 Gareth Schmeling Loeb Classical Library (LCL 015) © Harvard University Press, 2020 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 088 ▲ “ Has so small a bird [Translator's note: It was a bird with a long and narrow neck, and long legs. The beak and legs were red.] the name of a great giant [Translator's note: One of the giants who made war on the gods.]? It also has the name of Porphyrion of the Green [Translator's note: A charioteer.]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Valerius Martialis (c. 38/41-102/ 104 AD) Epigrams ● XIII: 78. Porphyrions David Roy Shackleton Bailey Loeb Classical Library (LCL 480) © Harvard University Press, 1993 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 089 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the Thunderer [Jupiter], before the battle with the fierce Giants ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ the earth-born Giants assailed the sky ⟨...⟩ „ “ Even after the birth of the Giants Earth was not past bearing, and she conceived a fearsome offspring in the caves of Libya. She had more cause to boast of him than of Typhon or Tityos and fierce Briareus; and she dealt mercifully with the gods when she did not raise up Antaeus on the field of Phlegra [Translator's note: Where the other giants fought against the gods.]. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the crown of Etna in Sicily boils over from the pressure of the flames; and as Typhoeus, where he lies beneath the everlasting mass of Inarime, makes hot the rocks of Campania by his unrest. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the caverns of Typhon [Translator's note: The eruptions of this and other volcanoes were attributed to the struggles of a Giant imprisoned under the mountain.] breathe forth death and madness. „ “ When the South wind blows and Etna discharges all her caverns and runs as a river of fire over the plains, the dwellers in the vale of Henna dread Enceladus ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ when Phlegra up-reared the furious Giants, the sword of Mars was heated on the anvils of Etna; the trident of Neptune glowed in the flame a second time; Apollo smelted again the arrows which had unwound the coils of Python [Python]; Pallas [Athena] scattered the Gorgon tresses over all her aegis; and the Cyclopes made for Jupiter new thunderbolts for use at Pallene [Translator's note: Pallene is used as a synonym for Phlegra.]. „ “ ⟨...⟩ when the gods in time past dreaded the serpent-legged [serpens] Giants at Phlegra, she [Gorgon Medusa] changed the rebels into high mountains, till that awful battle of the gods was won by the Gorgon on the centre of the breast of Pallas [Translator's note: Pallas [Athena] bore the Gorgon's head on the centre of the aegis, her shield.]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (39-65 AD) The Civil War (Pharsalia) ● I: 35-36 ● III: 316 ● IV: 593-597 ● V: 99-101 ● VI: 92 ● VI: 293-295 ● VII: 145-150 ● IX: 655-658 James Duff Duff Loeb Classical Library (LCL 220) © Harvard University Press, 1928 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 090 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the South wind returning again possessed sail and sea, and as the Minyae again put outward, again [Mount] Ossa faded into cloud. Lo! here the terror of the gods, Pallene, their fated battle-ground: all about they saw the monstrous forms of Earth's children, that once made war on heaven, the Giants, whom in compassion their mother clothed with rocks, trees, crags, and piled up to heaven new-shaped as mountains. And still in stone each threatens, battles or cowers; with his own hand their father wields his storms and hurls bolt after bolt from on high; but not among those rocks is the chiefest dread; Typhoeus lies crushed beneath Sicilian soil [under Mount Etna]. Men say that as he fled, blasting forth accursed fires from his breast, Neptune grasped him by the hair, bore him out to sea and entangled him in the waters, and as the bloody mass rose again and again, churning the waves with serpent [anguis] limbs, took him far away to the Sicilian waters and down upon his head placed all Aetna with her cities; savage still he throws up the foundations of the caverned mountain; then heaves Trinacria [Sicily] throughout her length and breadth, as he struggles and shifts the burdening mass with weary breast, to let it fall again with a groan - baffled. „ “ ⟨...⟩ huge as Typho when he glares from the measureless sky, red with fire and tempest, while Jove [Jupiter] on high grips him by the hair ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus, boasting that already the kingdom of the sky and already the stars were won, feel aggrieved that Bacchus in the van and Pallas [Athena], foremost of the gods, and a maiden's snakes [anguis] confronted him. „ “ No more he [Typhoeus] tarries, but displays his huge shoulders and the spacious breast-bones and the unsightly sinews of his terrible limbs. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the Harpies, daughters of Typhoeus, ministers of the Thunderer's wrath ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typho, he rose and brought up the darkness with him, mingling high and low, while from the heart of the gloom a voice was heard: "It is enough to have chased the goddesses so far; why strive ye farther in rage against the ministers of Jove [Jupiter], whom, though he wield the thunderbolt and the aegis, he has chosen to work his mighty wrath? ⟨...⟩" „ “ The plain itself groans beneath the beat of wheels, and the ground trembles and quakes at the shock, as when Jupiter strikes Phlegra with his angry brand and hurls back Typhon to the deepest recesses of the earth. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gaius Valerius Flaccus (c. 45-95 AD) Argonautica ● II: 13-33 ● III: 130-132 ● IV: 236-238 ● IV: 243-245 ● IV: 428 ● IV: 516-521 ● VI: 168-170 J. H. Mozley Loeb Classical Library (LCL 286) © Harvard University Press, 1934 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 091 ▲ “ The shouting goes aloft, loud as the groaning of Tyrrhenian waters or as when Enceladus tries to change his side; above, the fiery mountain [Mount Etna] thunders in its caverns, the peaks gush forth, Pelorus contracts his waves, and the severed earth hopes to return [Translator's note: With Sicily reunited with the mainland.]. „ “ The High Ones congratulate him [Capaneus] as though he were wearily panting the battles of Phlegra and had piled Aetna on smoking Enceladus. Capaneus lies grasping fragments of the broken tower, still grim of visage, leaving to the nations memorable deeds not unpraised of the Thunderer [Jupiter] himself. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Publius Papinius Statius (c. 45-96 AD) Thebaid ● III: 593-597 ● XI: 7-11 David Roy Shackleton Bailey Loeb Classical Library (LCL 207) © Harvard University Press, 2004 Loeb Classical Library (LCL 498) © Harvard University Press, 2004 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 092 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ at Athens the Dionysus in the Battle of the Giants [Translator's note: One of the groups of figures at the south wall of the Acropolis dedicated by Attalus I of Pergamum [r. 241-197 BC]. See Pausanias Description of Greece I. Attica xxv, 1-2, with Frazer's notes.] was dislodged by the winds and carried down into the theatre. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c. 46-120 AD) Parallel Lives IX: Antony ● LX, 2 Bernadotte Perrin Loeb Classical Library (LCL 101) © Harvard University Press, 1920 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 093 ▲ “ The mythographers are experts, too, in this field at least; their account puts the birth of completely unnatural and monstrous creatures at the time of the battle of the gods and giants, when the moon turned from its course and did not rise in the same quarter as usual. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c. 46-120 AD) Moralia IX: Table-Talk ● VIII: Question 9, 2, 731 F Edwin Leroy Minar Loeb Classical Library (LCL 425) © Harvard University Press, 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 094 ▲ “ Creatures like Tityus and Typho and the Python [Πύθων] that with insolence and violence occupied Delphi and confounded the oracle belonged to this class of souls, void of reason and subject to the affective element gone astray through delusion; but even these in time the moon took back to herself and reduced to order. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c. 46-120 AD) Moralia XII: Concerning the Face Which Appears in the Orb of the Moon ● 30, 945 B Edwin Leroy Minar Loeb Classical Library (LCL 425) © Harvard University Press, 1961 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 095 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ a beast more intricate and puffed up than Typhon ⟨...⟩ „ “ For this is what Typhon signifies, and your mastere has implanted plenty of him in you with his war against the gods and godlike men. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c. 46-120 AD) Moralia XIV: Reply to Colotes in Defence of the Other Philosophers ● 21, 1119 B ● 21, 1119 C Benedict Seneca Einarson, Philip Howard De Lacy Loeb Classical Library (LCL 428) © Harvard University Press, 1967 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 096 ▲ “ Plutarch [c. 46-120 AD] says that a ball of fire came down by an act of God into the land of the Celts and consumed the Giants, and plunging into the river Po was there quenched. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (c. 46-120 AD) Moralia XV: Other Fragments ● 189 (via John Malalas, Anecdota Graeca ii, p. 232 Cramer. [Chronicon Anon. (Anecdota Graeca ii, p. 380 Cramer) and Tzetzes, Chiliades iv. 385, probably derive from Malalas.]) Francis Henry Sandbach Loeb Classical Library (LCL 429) © Harvard University Press, 1969 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 097 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ a species of warfare which resembled the hurling of weapons upon the giants from the heaven and clouds above. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: (Publius Annius?) (Julius?) (Lucius Annaeus?) Florus (c. 70s-130s AD) Epitome of Roman History ● I: XII. The War Against the Etrus-cans, Samnites and Gauls, xvii, 6-7 Edward Seymour Forster Loeb Classical Library (LCL 231) © Harvard University Press, 1929 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 098 ▲ “ On the Athenian Acropolis ⟨...⟩ By the south wall are represented the legendary war with the giants, who once dwelt about Thrace and on the isthmus of Pallene, the battle between the Athenians and the Amazons, the engagement with the Persians at Marathon [The Battle of Marathon, fought in August/September 490 BC.] and the destruction of the Gauls in Mysia [The Battle of the Caecus River, fought in 241 BC.]. Each is about two cubits [~1 m], and all were dedicated by Attalus [Attalus I, r. 241-197 BC]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pausanias (c. 110-180 AD) Description of Greece ● I. Attica: xxv, 1-2 William Henry Samuel Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 093) © Harvard University Press, 1918 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 099 ▲ “ Fifteen stades [~2.8 km] distant from Mycenae is on the left the Heraeum. Beside the road flows the brook called Water of Freedom. The priestesses use it in purifications and for such sacrifices as are secret. The sanctuary itself is on a lower part of Euboea. Euboea is the name they give to the hill here ⟨...⟩ It is said that the architect of the temple was Eupolemus, an Argive [Eupolemos of Argos, fl. c. late 400s BC]. The sculptures carved above the pillars refer either to the birth of Zeus and the battle between the gods and the giants, or to the Trojan war and the capture of Ilium. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pausanias (c. 110-180 AD) Description of Greece ● II. Corinth: xvii, 1-3 William Henry Samuel Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 093) © Harvard University Press, 1918 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 100 ▲ “ [Reliefs on the throne at Amyclae:] On the left stand Echidna and Typhos, on the right Tritons. ⟨...⟩ the fight of Heracles with the giant Thurius ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pausanias (c. 110-180 AD) Description of Greece ● III. Laconia: xviii, 10-11 William Henry Samuel Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 188) © Harvard University Press, 1926 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 101 ▲ “ The Megarians who are neighbours of Attica built [at Olympia] a treasury and dedicated in it offerings ⟨...⟩ On the pediment of the treasury is carved the war of the giants and the gods, and above the pediment is dedicated a shield, the inscription declaring that the Megarians dedicated the treasury from spoils taken from the Corinthians. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pausanias (c. 110-180 AD) Description of Greece ● VI. Elis II: xix, 12-13 William Henry Samuel Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 272) © Harvard University Press, 1933 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 102 ▲ “ After crossing the Alpheius you come to what is called Trapezuntian territory and to the ruins of a city Trapezus. On the left, as you go down again from Trapezus to the Alpheius, there is, not far from the river, a place called Bathos (Depth), where they celebrate mysteries every other year to the Great Goddesses. Here there is a spring called Olympias which, during every other year, does not flow, and near the spring rises up fire. The Arcadians say that the fabled battle between giants and gods took place here and not at Pellene in Thrace, and at this spot sacrifices are offered to lightnings, hurricanes and thunders. Homer [700s-600s BC] does not mention giants at all in the Iliad [!], but in the Odyssey he relates how the Laestrygones attacked the ships of Odysseus in the likeness not of men but of giants [Homer Odyssey X, 118-120], and he makes also the king of the Phaeacians say that the Phaeacians are near to the gods like the Cyclopes and the race of giants [Homer Odyssey VII, 205-206]. In these places then he indicates that the giants are mortal, and not of divine race, and his words in the following passage are plainer still: "Who once was king among the haughty giants; But he destroyed the infatuate folk, and was destroyed himself." [Homer Odyssey VII, 59-60] "Folk" in the poetry of Homer means the common people. That the giants had serpents [δράκων] for feet is an absurd tale, as many pieces of evidence show, especially the following incident. The Syrian river Orontes does not flow its whole course to the sea on a level, but meets a precipitous ridge with a slope away from it. The Roman emperor [Translator's note: It is not known who the emperor was, but some suppose that it was Tiberius [r. 14-37 AD].] wished ships to sail up the river from the sea to Antioch. So with much labour and expense he dug a channel suitable for ships to sail up, and turned the course of the river into this. But when the old bed had dried up, an earthenware coffin more than eleven cubits [~5 m] long was found in it, and the corpse was proportionately large, and human in all parts of its body. This corpse the god in Clarus, when the Syrians came to his oracle there, declared to be Orontes, and that he was of Indian race. If it was by warming the earth of old when it was still wet and saturated with moisture that the sun made the first men, what other land is likely to have raised men either before India or of greater size, seeing that even to-day it still breeds beasts monstrous in their weird appearance and monstrous in size? „ “ The present image [of Athena] at Tegea was brought from the parish of Manthurenses, and among them it had the surname of Hippia (Horse Goddess). According to their account, when the battle of the gods and giants took place the goddess [Athena] drove the chariot and horses against Enceladus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pausanias (c. 110-180 AD) Description of Greece ● VIII. Arcadia: xxix, 1-4 ● VIII. Arcadia: xlvii, 1 William Henry Samuel Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 297) © Harvard University Press, 1935 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 103 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ like Typhoeus of old against Zeus the Giant-Killer. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pancrates of Alexandria (fl. c. 120s-130s AD) Antinous ● 25 Denys Lionel Page Loeb Classical Library (LCL 360) © Harvard University Press, 1941 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 104 ▲ “ HERA: It can't be that the earth has once more given birth to giants, or that the Titans have burst their bonds and overpowered their guard, and are once more taking up arms against us? „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) Zeus Rants ● 3 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 054) © Harvard University Press, 1915 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 105 ▲ “ PROMETHEUS: ⟨...⟩ make war on the gods as the Giants did ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) Prometheus ● 13 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 054) © Harvard University Press, 1915 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 106 ▲ “ MENIPPUS: ⟨...⟩ When Zeus had finished this speech the assembly fell into a commotion, and at once they all began to shout: "Blast them" [The philosophers, Epicureans in particular.], "Burn them", "Annihilate them", "To the pit", "To Tartarus", "To the Giants". Calling for silence once more, Zeus said: "It shall be as you will; they shall be annihilated, and their logic with them. However, just at present it is not in order to punish anyone, for it is the festival-season, as you know, during the next four months, and I have already sent about to announce the truce of God. Next year, therefore, at the opening of spring the wretches shall die a wretched death by the horrid thunderbolt." „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) Icaromenippus or The Sky-Man ● 33 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 054) © Harvard University Press, 1915 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 107 ▲ “ TIMON: ⟨...⟩ you noble Giant-killer and Titan-conqueror [The erroneus reference to the statue of Zeus at Olympia.], you sat still and let them crop your long locks, holding a fifteen-foot [~4.6 m] thunderbolt in your right hand! ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) Timon or the Misanthrope ● 4 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 054) © Harvard University Press, 1915 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 108 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ on the eve of the war, the revolt of the giants, the gods were panic-stricken and came to Egypt, thinking that surely there they could hide from their enemies. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) On Sacrifices ● 14 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 130) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 109 ▲ “ TYCHIADES: ⟨...⟩ the revolt of the Giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) The Lover of Lies or the Doubter ● 2 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 130) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 110 ▲ “ LYCINUS: ⟨...⟩ the revolt of the Giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucian of Samosata (c. 120s-180s AD) The Dance ● 38 Austin Morris Harmon Loeb Classical Library (LCL 302) © Harvard University Press, 1936 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 111 ▲ “ After shooting arrows at the lawless Giants with his hands [!] - Heracles undid from his shoulders his bent bow. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (fl. c. 130s-160s AD) The Contest of Homer and Hesiod or Certamen [1. Lives of Homer] ● 9 Martin Litchfield West Loeb Classical Library (LCL 496) © Harvard University Press, 2003 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 112 ▲ “ But Earth, vexed on account of the Titans, brought forth the giants, whom she had by Sky. These were matchless in the bulk of their bodies and invincible in their might; terrible of aspect did they appear, with long locks drooping from their head and chin, and with the scales of dragons [δράκων] for feet. They were born, as some say, in Phlegrae, but according to others in Pallene [Translator's note: Phlegra is said to have been the old name of Pallene. The scene of the battle of the gods and giants was laid in various places. Volcanic phenomena and the discovery of the fossil bones of large extinct animals seem to have been the principal sources of these tales.]. And they darted rocks and burning oaks at the sky. Surpassing all the rest were Porphyrion and Alcyoneus, who was even immortal so long as he fought in the land of his birth. He also drove away the cows of the Sun [Helios] from Erythia [Erytheia, i.e. Gadeira/Gades]. Now the gods had an oracle that none of the giants could perish at the hand of gods, but that with the help of a mortal they would be made an end of. Learning of this, Earth sought for a simple to prevent the giants from being destroyed even by a mortal. But Zeus forbade the Dawn [Eos] and the Moon [Selene] and the Sun [Helios] to shine, and then, before anybody else could get it, he culled the simple himself, and by means of Athena summoned Hercules to his help. Hercules first shot Alcyoneus with an arrow, but when the giant fell on the ground he somewhat revived. However, at Athena's advice Hercules dragged him outside Pallene, and so the giant died. But in the battle Porphyrion attacked Hercules and Hera. Nevertheless Zeus inspired him with lust for Hera, and when he tore her robes and would have forced her, she called for help, and Zeus smote him with a thunderbolt, and Hercules shot him dead with an arrow. As for the other giants, Ephialtes was shot by Apollo with an arrow in his left eye and by Hercules in his right; Eurytus was killed by Dionysus with a thyrsus, and Clytius by Hecate with torches, and Mimas by Hephaestus with missiles of red-hot metal. Enceladus fled, but Athena threw on him in his flight the island of Sicily; and she flayed Pallas and used his skin to shield her own body in the fight. Polybotes was chased through the sea by Poseidon and came to Cos; and Poseidon, breaking off that piece of the island which is called Nisyrum, threw it on him. And Hermes, wearing the helmet of Hades, slew Hippolytus in the fight, and Artemis slew Gration. And the Fates, fighting with brazen clubs, killed Agrius and Thoas. The other giants Zeus smote and destroyed with thunderbolts and all of them Hercules shot with arrows as they were dying. When the gods had overcome the giants, Earth, still more enraged, had intercourse with Tartarus and brought forth Typhon in Cilicia, a hybrid between man and beast [Translator's note: As to Typhon, or Typhoeus, as he is also called, who was especially associated with the famous Corycian cave in Cilicia. Typhoeus was the youngest child of Earth.]. In size and strength he surpassed all the offspring of Earth. As far as the thighs he was of human shape and of such prodigious bulk that he out-topped all the mountains, and his head often brushed the stars. One of his hands reached out to the west and the other to the east, and from them projected a hundred dragons' [δράκων] heads. From the thighs downward he had huge coils of vipers [ἔχιδνα], which when drawn out, reached to his very head and emitted a loud hissing. His body was all winged [Translator's note: Or "feathered". But Antoninus Liberalis [fl. c. 100s-200s AD] speaks of Typhon's numerous wings (Metamorphoses, 28).]: unkempt hair streamed on the wind from his head and cheeks; and fire flashed from his eyes. Such and so great was Typhon when, hurling kindled rocks, he made for the very heaven with hissings and shouts, spouting a great jet of fire from his mouth. But when the gods saw him rushing at heaven, they made for Egypt in flight, and being pursued they changed their forms into those of animals. However Zeus pelted Typhon at a distance with thunderbolts, and at close quarters struck him down with an adamantine sickle, and as he fled pursued him closely as far as Mount Casius, which overhangs Syria. There, seeing the monster sore wounded, he grappled with him. But Typhon twined about him and gripped him in his coils, and wresting the sickle from him severed the sinews of his hands and feet, and lifting him on his shoulders carried him through the sea to Cilicia and deposited him on arrival in the Corycian cave. Likewise he put away the sinews there also, hidden in a bearskin, and he set to guard them the she-dragon [δράκαινα] Delphyne, who was a half-bestial maiden. But Hermes and Aegipan stole the sinews and fitted them unobserved to Zeus [Translator's note: According to Nonnus [of Panopolis, c. late 300s-400s AD] (Dionysiaca I, 481 and following), it was Cadmus who, disguised as a shepherd, wheedled the severed sinews of Zeus out of Typhon by pretending that he wanted them for the strings of a lyre, on which he would play ravishing music to the monster. The barbarous and evidently very ancient story seems to be alluded to by no other Greek writers.]. And having recovered his strength Zeus suddenly from heaven, riding in a chariot of winged horses, pelted Typhon with thunderbolts and pursued him to the mountain called Nysa, where the Fates beguiled the fugitive; for he tasted of the ephemeral fruits in the persuasion that he would be strengthened thereby. So being again pursued he came to Thrace, and in fighting at Mount Haemus he heaved whole mountains. But when these recoiled on him through the force of the thunderbolt, a stream of blood gushed out on the mountain, and they say that from that circumstance the mountain was called Haemus [Translator's note: Haemus, from haima (blood); hence "the Bloody Mountain". It is said that a city of Egypt received the same name for the same reason (Stephanus Byzantius [fl. 500s AD], s.v. "Ἡρώ").]. And when he started to flee through the Sicilian sea, Zeus cast Mount Etna in Sicily upon him. That is a huge mountain, from which down to this day they say that blasts of fire issue from the thunderbolts that were thrown [Translator's note: As to Typhon under Mount Etna see Aeschylus Prometheus Bound, 351-372; Pindar Pythian Ode I, 13-28; Ovid Fasti IV, 491-492 and Metamorphoses V, 346-356]. So much for that subject. „ “ Aloeus wedded Iphimedia, daughter of Triops; but she fell in love with Poseidon, and often going to the sea she would draw up the waves with her hands and pour them into her lap. Poseidon met her and begat two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, who are called the Aloads [Translator's note: As to the Aloads, see Homer Odyssey XI, 305-320; Virgil Aeneid VI, 582 and following; Hyginus Fabulae 28.]. These grew every year a cubit [~0.5 m] in breadth and a fathom [~1.8 m] in height; and when they were nine years old, being nine cubits [~4.5 m] broad and nine fathoms [~16.5 m] high, they resolved to fight against the gods, and they set Ossa on Olympus, and having set Pelion on Ossa they threatened by means of these mountains to ascend up to heaven, and they said that by filling up the sea with the mountains they would make it dry land, and the land they would make sea. And Ephialtes wooed Hera, and Otus wooed Artemis; moreover they put Ares in bonds [Translator's note: They are said to have imprisoned him for thirteen months in a brazen pot, from which he was rescued, in a state of great exhaustion, by the interposition of Hermes. See Homer Iliad V, 381-391]. However, Hermes rescued Ares by stealth, and Artemis killed the Aloads in Naxos by a ruse. For she changed herself into a deer and leaped between them, and in their eagerness to hit the quarry they threw their darts at each other [Translator's note: c.f Hyginus Fabulae 28.]. „ “ ⟨...⟩ having laid waste Cos, he [Heracles] came through Athena's agency to Phlegra, and sided with the gods in their victorious war on the giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pseudo-Apollodorus (c. 100s AD?) Library ● I: vi, 1-3 ● I: vii, 4 ● II: vii, 1 James George Frazer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 121) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 113 ▲ “ Tartarus and Earth produced Typhon, a creature of monstrous size and portentous appearance: from his shoulders sprouted a hundred viper [Latin lemma needed] heads. He challenged Jupiter to a duel for the right to be king. Jupiter cast a blazing thunderbolt that struck Typhon in the chest and then placed Mount Aetna (which is in Sicily) on top of him as he burned. They say he still sends forth flames from the mountain to this day. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pseudo-Hyginus (c. 100s AD?) Fabulae ● 152. Typhon Stephen M. Trzaskoma Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology © Hackett Publishing, 2007 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 114 ▲ “ When the gods were afraid of Typhon's monstrous brutality in Egypt, Pan told them to turn themselves into wild animals to elude him more easily. Later, Jupiter killed Typhon with a thunderbolt. By the will of the gods Pan was raised into the stars because it was by his command that they escaped Typhon's violence. Because he had turned himself into a goat at that time, he was called Aegoceros, whom we call Capricorn. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pseudo-Hyginus (c. 100s AD?) Fabulae ● 196. Pan Stephen M. Trzaskoma Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology © Hackett Publishing, 2007 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 115 ▲ “ According to some accounts ⟨...⟩ this is the dragon [Latin lemma needed] that was hurled at Athena by the Giants when she was fighting against them; but she seized the writhing serpent [Latin lemma needed] and hurled it into the sky, fixing it to the very pole of the heavens. And so it it can be seen there to this day with its twisted body, as though it had only just been transferred to the sky. [Translator's note: Hyginus mentions an alternative story from the early history of the gods, in which a huge snake was hurled at Athena during the battle between the gods and the Giants, and she projected it up to the sky. Although serpents sometimes appear at Athena's side in early [artistic] depictions of the Gigantomachy, either striking out from her aegis or acting separately in assistance, there is no previous or independent record of the present tale [!], which was probably invented by Eratosthenes himself for the specific purpose of explaining the origin of the constellation. By hurling the serpent up to the axis of the sky, where it would never set, the goddess could create a permanently visible memorial of the incident and the battle.] „ “ Egyptian priests and poets say ⟨...⟩ that when many of the gods had once gathered together in Egypt, Typhon, a very fierce giant and great enemy of the gods, suddenly appeared there. Overcome by fear, the gods assumed different forms ⟨...⟩ On that same occasion, so the story goes, Pan hurled himself into the river, giving the lower part of his body the appearance of a fish, and the rest of it that of a goat, and thus escaped from Typhon. Zeus so admired his strategem that he placed an image of him among the costellations. „ “ According to Diognetos of Erythraia [?], Aphrodite once visited Syria with her son Eros and arrived beside the river Euphrates. All of a sudden, Typhon ⟨...⟩ appeared at that very place; Aphrodite hurled herself into the river along with her son, and there they turned themselves into fishes, and so delivered themselves from danger. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pseudo-Hyginus (c. 100s AD?) Astronomy (Based on Catasterisms by Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276- 195/194 BC)) ● 2.3 (3. Draco, the Dragon) ● 2.28 (27. Capri-cornus, Capricorn) ● 2.30 (29. Pisces, the Fishes) Robin Hard Erathosthenes and Hyginus: Constellation Myths with Aratus's Phaenomena © Oxford University Press, 2015 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 116 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ quite recently in this city [Carthage] a new representation of our god [Jesus Christ] has been displayed, since a certain person, a criminal hired to dodge wild beasts in the arena, exhibited a picture with this inscription: "The God of the Christians, ass-begotten". It had ass's ears; one foot was a hoof; it carried a book and wore a toga. We laughed at both the name and the shape. But they at least ought at once to have adored a biform divinity, who have accepted gods with a dog's head or a lion's, gods with a goat's horns or a ram's, gods goat from the loins down, gods with serpents [serpens] for legs, gods with wings on their feet or their backs. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (c. 155-220 AD) Apology ● XVI, 12-13 Terrot Reaveley Glover Loeb Classical Library (LCL 250) © Harvard University Press, 1931 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 117 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ many portents of ill omen which were reported to the Romans [in 206 BC]. For example, a hermaphrodrite lamb was born, and a swarm of ... was seen, two serpents [ὄφις] glided under the doors of the temple of Capitoline Jupiter [Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus or Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus], the doors as well as the altar in the temple of Neptune ran with copious sweat, in Antium bloody ears were seen by some reapers ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ he [Commodus, r. 176-192 AD] had once got together all the men in the city who had lost their feet as the result of disease or some accident, and then, after fastening about their knees some likenesses of serpents' [δράκων] bodies, and giving them sponges to throw instead of stones, had killed them with blows of a club [emulating Heracles?], pretending that they were giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Cassius Dio (c. 155-235 AD) Roman History ● XVII (via Zonaras 9, 11): xi, 60 ● LXXIII (Epitome): xx, 3 Earnest Cary, Herbert Baldwin Foster Loeb Classical Library (LCL 037) © Harvard University Press, 1914 Loeb Classical Library (LCL 177) © Harvard University Press, 1927 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 118 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Pan of Corycus, thy son, who, they say, was the saviour of Zeus - the saviour of Zeus but the slayer of Typhon. For he tricked terrible Typhon with promise of a banquet of fish and beguiled him to issue forth from his spacious pit and come to the shore of the sea, where the swift lightning and the rushing fiery thunderbolts laid him low; and, blazing in the rain of fire, he beat his hundred heads upon the rocks whereon he was carded all about like wool. And even now the yellow banks by the sea are red with the blood of the Typhonian battle. „ “ ⟨...⟩ by the mouth of the Ionian and Tyrrhenian seas the dividing waters of the Strait [The Strait of Messina] roll raging under the violent panting of Typhaon and dread straining swirls curve the swift wave and dark Charybdis circles round, drawn by her eddying tides ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Oppian of Anazarbus (fl. c. 160s-180s AD) Halieutica or Fishing ● III: 15-25 ● V: 215-220 A.W. Mair Loeb Classical Library (LCL 219) © Harvard University Press, 1928 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 119 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the three-peaked hill that covers Enceladus [Translator's note: Giant buried under Aetna.], as the thunderbolt belches forth in beams reaching to the sky, discharges the eternal fire of Sicilian Aetna. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Oppian of Anazarbus (fl. c. 160s-180s AD) [Oppian of Apamea (fl. c. early 200s AD)?] Cynegetica or the Chase ● I: 273-275 A.W. Mair Loeb Classical Library (LCL 219) © Harvard University Press, 1928 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 120 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ When they arrived in Syracuse, a woman of quite high rank had given birth to a freak of a kind never delivered before. The baby had three heads, each on its own neck, but the rest of it was all one body. One ignorant interpretation was that Sicily, which has three headlands, would be ruined if it did not unite and agree, and in fact many of the cities were at variance within themselves and with their neighbors, and orderly existence had vanished from the island. Others said that Typho [Translator's note: The gigantic monster believed to lie beneath Etna.] of the many heads was threatening calamity for Sicily. „ “ They say that some Typho or Enceladus is imprisoned beneath the mountain [Etna], and breathes out this fire in his death agony. While admitting that the giants existed, and that gigantic bodies show up in many parts of the world when their graves are broken open, I do not think they tried to compete with the gods. Perhaps they insulted their temples and statues, but it is madness to say and madness to think that they assaulted heaven, and tried to prevent the gods from residing there. Let us also not respect another story, though in appearance a less blasphemous one, that Hephaestus works as a blacksmith in Etna, and that some anvil resounds under his blows. There are many other fiery mountains in many parts of the world, and we will soon find ourselves ascribing them to this or that giant or Hephaestus. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Flavius Philostratus (c. 170-250 AD) Life of Apollonius of Tyana ● V: xiii, 1 ● V: xvi, 1-2 Christopher Prestige Jones Loeb Classical Library (LCL 017) © Harvard University Press, 2005 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 121 ▲ “ VINEDRESSER: ⟨...⟩ less than fifty years ago, Sigeium [Sigeion] over there disclosed on an outcropping of the cape the body of a giant, whom Apollo himself said he had killed while fighting him to defend Troy. I myself sailed to Sigeium, stranger, and witnessed exactly what had happened to the land as well as the giant's size. Many others sailed there also, from the Hellespont, Ionia, and all of the islands and Aeolia, since for two months this huge body lay on the huge cape; provoking different explanations from everyone before the oracle cleared things up. PHOENICIAN: Could you than say something more about its size, and the arrangement of the bones, and about the snakes [ὄφις] that are said to form part of the bodies of giants, which the painters always attach to the bodies of Enceladus and such [Translator's note: Artistic representations often make the lower part of giants' bodies into snakes]? VINEDRESSER: Whether they were monstrous or joined with snakes [Ø], I don't know. But the one on Sigeium measured twenty-two cubits [~11 m]. He lay in a rocky cave, his head in the inland side, and his feet extended to the end of the cape. There was no sign of a snake [δράκων] on him, and nothing on his skeleton deviated from the human. And yet, about four years ago, Hymnaios of Peparethos, a friend of mine, sent one of his sons to have me ask Protesilaus about a similar wonder. For on the island of Ikos (he was its sole owner) he happened to be digging up some vines, when the earth rang under the shovel, as if hollow. When they cleaned it away, there lay exposed a body twelve cubits [~5.5 m] tall, and in its skull was living a snake [δράκων]. Now the boy came to ask us what should be done with it, and Protesilaus' answer was "let us veil our guest", meaning of course they should rebury the corpse and be careful to take nothing from it. He also said it was one of the giants who was laid low. But the largest of all was the one on Lemnos, which Menecrates of Steiria discovered, and I myself sailed over last year from Imbros (it was a short trip to Lemnos) to see it. It wasn't any longer possible to see the bones in their proper position, because the backbone lay in pieces - separated by earthquakes, I imagine - and the ribs had been wrenched from the vertebrae. But as I examined them, both all together and one by one, I received an impression of terrifying size, one I found impossible to describe. The skull alone, when we poured wine into it, was not filled even by two Cretan amphoras. ⟨...⟩ Here a broken off piece of earth had carried with it the body of a huge giant. If you don't believe me, we can sail there; for the body is still stripped and lying there, and it is a short trip to Naulochos. „ “ And in Italy the Neapolitans have made a wonder of the bones of Alcyoneus; for they say that many of the giants were laid low there, and that Mt. Vesuvius smolders over them. Furthermore in Pallene, which the poets call Phlegra, the earth still contains the bodies of many such giants, since that was their camp; thunderstorms and earthquakes have brought many others to the surface. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Lucius Flavius Philostratus (c. 170-250 AD) On Heroes ● VIII, 6-12 ● VIII, 15-16 Jeffrey Stuart Rusten Loeb Classical Library (LCL 521) © Harvard University Press, 2014 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 122 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Megara, where men say that the bed of Typhos is. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Diogenes Laertius (c. 180-240 AD) Lives of Eminent Philosophers ● II: 11. Stilpo, 118 Robert Drew Hicks Loeb Classical Library (LCL 184) © Harvard University Press, 1925 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 123 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the painting, following the accounts given by the poets [Translator's note: The story of Typho (Typhoeus), offspring of Gaia, is told by Hesiod Theogony 820-880. In the battle of the Gods and the Giants he is overthrown but not slain by a thunderbolt of Zeus, and a mountain is placed upon him to hold him confined. While the story was first localized in Asia Minor, it was transferred to Sicily, where the eruptions of Etna were interpreted as the fire of his breath. The story of Enceladus, the opponent of Athena in the battle of the Gods and the Giants, was transferred from Attica to various volcanic regions in Italy and Sicily.], goes farther and ascribes a myth to the island [Translator's note: The island may be the modern Volcano (the ancient Hiera).]. A giant, namely, was once struck down there, and upon him as he struggled in the death agony the island was placed as a bond to hold him down, and he does not yet yield but from beneath the earth renews the fight and breathes forth this fire as he utters threats. Yonder figure, they say, would represent Typho in Sicily or Enceladus here in Italy [Translator's note: An indication that Philostratus is writing in Campania.], giants that both continents and islands are pressing down, not yet dead indeed but always dying. And you, yourself, my boy, will imagine that you have not been left out of the contest, when you look at the peak of the mountain; for what you see there are thunderbolts which Zeus is hurling at the giant, and the giant is already giving up the struggle but still trusts in the earth, but the earth has grown weary because Poseidon does not permit her to remain in place. Poseidon has spread a mist over the contest, so that it resembles what has taken place in the past rather than what is taking place now. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Philostratus of Lemnos (the Elder) (c. 190-230 AD) Imagines ● II: 17. Islands (5), 365 K, 15-31 Arthur Fairbanks Loeb Classical Library (LCL 256) © Harvard University Press, 1931 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 124 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ beneath the wall are the bodies of the other captains - they are tall and beyond the normal height of men - and also Capaneus, who is like a giant; for not only is he of huge stature, but also he has been smitten by the thunderbolt of Zeus and is still smouldering. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Philostratus of Lemnos (the Elder) (c. 190-230 AD) Imagines ● II: 29. Antigone (2), 383 K, 1-5 Arthur Fairbanks Loeb Classical Library (LCL 256) © Harvard University Press, 1931 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 125 ▲ “ Earth, say the Greeks, was the first to produce man, having won that fine privilege, wishing to be mother not of senseless plants nor of unreasoning beasts but of a civilised, god-loving creature. But it is hard to discover, he [Translator's note: The unidentified poet adapted by Hippol[ytus].] says, whether Boeotian Alalcomeneus on the shore of the Cephissian lake was the first of men to appear, or if it was the Idaean Curetes, divine race, or the Phrygian Corybants that the sun first saw shooting up tree-like; or Arcadia gave birth to the pre-moon Pelasgian, or Eleusis to Dysaules, dweller in Raria, or Lemnos to Cabeirus, fair offspring, in secret rites, or Pellene to Phlegraean Alcyoneus, eldest of Giants. Libyans say that Iarbas was the first-born, rising from the dry plains to offer first-fruits of the sweet nut of Zeus. The Nile, he says, enriching the Egyptian mud and to this day generating living things, produces creatures made flesh by moist warmth. Assyrians say Oannes the fish-eater was born in their land, Chaldaeans Adam in theirs. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (before c. early 200s AD) Unknown ● 985. Hippolytus, Refutation of All the Heresiess David A. Campbell Loeb Classical Library (LCL 144) © Harvard University Press, 1993 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 126 ▲ “ Arms please you [Athena], and you strike men's souls with frenzy, O vigorous maiden, O horrid-tempered one, slayer of Gorgo, O blessed mother of the arts, you shun the bed of love, you bring madness to the wicked, you bring prudence to the virtuous, O impetuous one. Male and female, shrewd begetter of war, she-dragon [δράκαινα] of the many shapes, frenzy-loving, illustrious, destroyer of the Phlegrian Giants, driver of horses, victorious Tritogenia ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (c. middle 200s AD) Orphic Hymns ● 32. To Athene, 6-13 Apostolos N. Athanassakis, Benjamin M. Wolkow The Orphic Hymns © Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 127 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ conflicts with God and ⟨...⟩ the battles of the giants famous among all men ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ engaging like giants in battle against God ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260-340 AD) Ecclesiastical History ● I: ii, 19 ● X: iv, 31 Kirsopp Lake; John Ernest Leonard Oulton Loeb Classical Library (LCL 153) © Harvard University Press, 1926 Loeb Classical Library (LCL 265) © Harvard University Press, 1932 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 128 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ he [Julian "the Apostate", r. 361-363 AD] never ceased exclaiming, "Where are you rushing off to, you people? Are you not ashamed to think darkness more brilliant than light? Don't you see that you are sick, like the impious giants? They were no different in body from all the rest, for them to hurl their legendary bolts: it was their contempt for the gods, just like yours, that gave rise to the myth." „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Libanius (c. 314-393 AD) Julianic Orations ● 18. Funeral Oration over Julian, 123 Albert Francis Norman Loeb Classical Library (LCL 451) © Harvard University Press, 1969 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 129 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Phlegrae where, so the story goes, the Giants were burned to death as they fought against the gods ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Libanius (c. 314-393 AD) The Autobiography ● 93 Albert Francis Norman Loeb Classical Library (LCL 478) © Harvard University Press, 1992 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 130 ▲ “ He [Magnentius, r. 350-353 AD] led them [Magnetius' army, including Celts, Iberians, and Germans.] in person, not indeed like Typho, who, as the poet [Hesiod, c. 700s-600s BC] tells us, in his wonder tale [Theogony], was brought forth by the earth in her anger against Zeus, nor was he like the strongest of the Giants, but he was like that Vice incarnate ⟨...⟩ And as he led them to battle he outdid the behaviour of Capaneus [Killed by the Jupiter's thunderbolt.], like the barbarian that he was, in his insensate folly, though he did not, like Capaneus, trust to the energy of his soul or his physical strength, but to the numbers of his barbarian followers; and he boasted that he would lay everything at their feet to plunder, that every general and captain and common soldier of his should despoil an enemy of corresponding rank of his baggage and belongings, and that he would enslave the owners as well. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Flavius Claudius Iulianus (Julian "the Apostate") (c. 331-363 AD) Orations ● II. The Heroic Deeds of Constantius or On Kingship, 56 D-57 A Wilmer Cave Wright Loeb Classical Library (LCL 013) © Harvard University Press, 1913 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 131 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Pindar the Theban [c. 518-438 BC], when he celebrates the destruction of Typhoeus in his odes of victory [Translator's note: Pindar Olympian Ode IV, 7; Pythian Ode I, 16.], and ascribes to the most mighty ruler of the gods power over this most mighty giant, rises to the highest pitch of praise simply because with one blow he was able to lay low the hundred-headed giant, as though no other giant was held worthy to fight hand to hand with Zeus than he whom, alone of all the rest, his mother [Gaia] had armed with a hundred heads; and as though no other of the gods save Zeus only were worthy to win a victory by the destruction of so great a giant. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Flavius Claudius Iulianus (Julian "the Apostate") (c. 331-363 AD) The Aprocryphal Letters ● To the Most Illustrious Sarapion, 395 C-D Wilmer Cave Wright Loeb Classical Library (LCL 157) © Harvard University Press, 1923 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 132 ▲ “ Zeus the counsellor destroyed of old the race of Giants most hateful to the blessed gods who dwell in the houses of Olympus. The King of the Romans, god-like Julian [Julian "the Apostate", r. 361-363 AD], laid waste in war [in the campaign of 363 AD] by fire and sword the cities and long walls of the Persians who fight hand to hand, and pitilessly he subjugated many other peoples too. It was he also who conquered, after frequent fights, the German land of the men of the West, and devastated their fields [in the campaigns of 356-358 AD]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (fl. c. 360s AD?) (The Greek Antholo-gy: XIV. Arithmetical Problems, Riddles, Oracles) ● 148. Oracle Given to Julian the Apostate when in Celebration of His Birthday at Ctesiphon He Held Horse-races William Roger Paton Loeb Classical Library (LCL 086) © Harvard University Press, 1918 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 133 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ like the Giants, they ["the uneducated multitude"] make war on the gods and in defeat are buried under flaming mountains. [Translator's note: The Giants in the Greek mythology were sons of Earth, who at her instigation made war on the gods but were defeated and imprisoned under volcanic mountains such as Etna.] „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (c. 348-413 AD) Crowns of Martyrdom ● X. The Declarati-ons of St. Romanus the Martyr against the Pagans, 84-85 Henry John Thomson Loeb Classical Library (LCL 398) © Harvard University Press, 1953 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 134 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the Tritonian goddess [Athena] ⟨...⟩ fought the Giants [Translator's note: In the Battle of Gods and Giants, or Gigantomachy.] ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ tireless Giants or mighty Titans ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ lay stretched out in the dust like Typhon when he was blasted by Zeus' thunderbolt ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ Enceladus once lay beneath Thrinacia [Sicily] in the unwearied sea, vanquished by the grief-bringing thunderbolt of Zeus, and the whole island gave up smoke from below ⟨...⟩ „ “ Aeneas fought just like Olympian Zeus himself when from high heaven he wrathfully slew the overweening race of savage Giants, making the boundless earth, Tethys, Ocean and heaven itself quake and the limbs of Atlas tremble at that powerful assault of Zeus the unwearied ⟨...⟩ „ “ Somewhere below a rugged rock there was a misty cavern; no mortal could set foot there, but it was inhabited by savage beasts, surviving spawn of dread Typhon; and this cave was down in the glens of an island people call Calydna which lies in the sea opposite Troy. There she [Athena] roused two mighty serpents [δράκων] and dispatched them to Troy [With the mission to kill Laocoon and his sons.]. „ “ ⟨...⟩ warlike Pallas [Athena] once lifted up the island of Sicily and threw it upon mighty Enceladus, and it continues to burn as that unwearying Giant breathes out his fiery breath beneath the earth ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Quintus Smyrnaeus (c. 300s AD) Posthomerica ● I: 179 ● II: 518-519 ● V: 484-485 ● V: 641-643 ● XI: 415-419 ● XII: 449-455 ● XIV: 582-585 Neil Hopkinson Loeb Classical Library (LCL 019) © Harvard University Press, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 135 ▲ “ Now, now I shall mount untroubled to the stars for thou wilt watch over them. Even should Typhoeus rend away the rocks and leap forth, should Tityus free his captive limbs, should Enceladus, hurling Etna from him, roar in rage - each and all will fall before Stilicho's [Flavius Stilicho, c. 359-408 AD] attack. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Panegyric on the Third Consulship of the Emperor Honorius ● Panegyric (VII): 158-162 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 135) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 136 ▲ “ How thy [Honorius', r. 393-423 AD] father's [Theodosius the Great's, r. 379-395 AD] nobility shines in thy face! How awful is thy winning brow, how charming the majesty of a blushing emperor! Boy though thou art, thou canst wear thy sire's helmet and brandish thy grandsire's spear. These exercises of thy youth foreshadow vast strength in manhood and convince Rome that the ruler of her prayers is come. How fair art thou in shield and golden armour girt, with waving plumes and taller by the altitude of a helmet! So looked the youthful Mars when after the toil and sweat of his first battle he bathed him in Thracian Rhodope's mountain stream. With what vigour thou hurlest the javelin, and, when thou stretchest the Cretan bow, what success attends thy shaft! Sure is the wound it seeks; it knows not how to fail the appointed stroke. Thou knowest in what fashion the Cretan, with what skill the Armenian, directs his arrows; in what the retreating Parthian puts his trust. Thus was Alcides [Heracles], graced with the sweat of the wrestling-ground at Thebes, wont to try his bow and Boeotian arrows on the beasts of the forest ere he turned them against the Giants and so secured peace for heaven. Stains of blood were ever upon him and proud was his mother Alcmena of the spoils he brought back home. Such was Apollo when he slew the livid serpent [Python] that enfolded and brake down forests in his dying coils. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Panegyric on the Fourth Consulship of the Emperor Honorius ● Panegyric (VIII): 518-538 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 135) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 137 ▲ “ For meseemed I stood upon the very summit of the starry sky and laid my songs at Jove's [Jupiter's] feet, and, in the flattery of sleep, the gods and all the sacred band gathered about Jove's [Jupiter's] throne gave applause to my words. I sang of Enceladus and conquered Typhoeus, the first a prisoner beneath Inarime, the second oppressed by the weight of Etna. How joyous was that Jove [Jupiter] whom, after the war with the giants, heaven welcomed, enriched with the spoils from Phlegra's field! „ “ Of a truth no other city could fitly be the home of the world's rulers; on this hill [Capitoline Hill in Rome] is majesty most herself, and knows the height of her supreme sway; the palace, raising its head above the forum that lies at its feet, sees around it so many temples and is surrounded by so many protecting deities. See below the Thunderer's temple [Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus or Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus] the Giants suspended from the Tarpeian rock, behold the sculptured doors, the cloud-capped statues, the sky-towering temples, the brazen prows of many a vessel welded on to lofty columns, the temples built on massy crags where the hand of man has added to the work of nature, the countless triumphal arches glittering with spoils. The eyes are dazed by the blaze of metal and blink outwearied by the surrounding gold. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Panegyric on the Sixth Consulship of the Emperor Honorius ● Preface (XXVII): 13-20 ● Panegiric (XXVIII): 39-52 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 136) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 138 ▲ “ Heaven's self was not always at peace: they tell how even Jove [Jupiter] trembled (if one may dare to say so) when Typhoeus attacked him, arming his hundred hands with a hundred mountains and touching the astonished constellation of the Bear with his towering snaky [anguis] coils. What wonder if trouble harasses mortal realms when cruel Aloeus' two sons [Otus and Ephialtes] cast Mars in chains and attempted to build that forbidden road to the stars so that the universe almost ceased to move, what time the three rocks [Translator's note: I.e. the mountains Pelion, Ossa and Olympus.] were uprooted in the war of heaven? But their blind fury was of no effect; wicked hopes never exult for long. Aloeus' children never reached man's estate; Otus, attempting to uproot Pelion, was stricken down by Phoebus, and Ephialtes as he died wearily let Ossa fall athwart his side. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) The Gothic War ● Preface (XXV): 61-76 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 136) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 139 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ such piety quench the fires in Enceladus' jaws. Vulcan himself checked the flow of molten lava from Etna that it should not harm those patterns of filial duty. The very elements were influenced thereby: father air [Caelus] and mother earth [Tellus Mater/Terra Mater] did their best to lighten the burden. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Shorter Poems ● XVII (L). On the Statues of Two Brothers at Catina: 31-36 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 136) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 140 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the battles of ⟨...⟩ lord the Thunderer [Jupiter] waged on the plains of Phlegra [Gigantomachy], and of the menace of Enceladus and the Titans there broken. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Shorter Poems ● XXXI (XL). Letter to Serena: 27-28 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 136) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 141 ▲ “ Once upon a time mother Earth, jealous of the heavenly kingdoms and in pity for the ceaseless woes of the Titans, filled all Tartarus with a monster brood [Giants], thus giving birth to that which proved a very bane. Her womb swollen with this monstrous birth she opened Phlegra's side and brought forth foes against heaven. With a noise as of thunder they burst forth in profusion and, scarce born, prepare their hands for war, as with twofold [Translator's note: They were twiform.] trail they writhe their hissing [like snakes] course. Suddenly the stars grow pale, Phoebus turns his rosy steeds and, impelled by fear, retraces his steps. „ “ [Mother Earth/Tellus Mater/Terra Mater speaking:] "⟨...⟩ Up, army of avengers, the hour is come at last, free the Titans from their chains; defend your mother. Here are seas and mountains, limbs of my body, but care not for that. Use them as weapons. Never would I hesitate to be a weapon for the destruction of Jove [Jupiter]. Go forth and conquer; throw heaven into confusion, tear down the towers of the sky. Let Typhoeus seize the thunderbolt and the sceptre; Enceladus, rule the sea, and another in place of the sun guide the reins of dawn's coursers. Porphyrion, wreathe thou thy head with Delphi's laurel and take Cirrha for thy sanctuary." „ “ ⟨...⟩ Jove [Jupiter] thus addressed: "Deathless army, whose dwelling-place is, and must ever be, the sky, ye whom no adverse fortune can ever harm, mark ye how Earth with her new children conspires against our kingdom and undismayed has given birth to another brood? Wherefore, for all the sons she bore, let us give back to their mother as many dead; let her mourning last through the ages as she weeps by as many graves as she now has children." The clouds echo the blast of heaven's trumpets; on this side Heaven, on that Earth, sounds the attack. Once more Nature is thrown into confusion and fears for her lord. The puissant company of the giants confounds all differences between things; islands abandon the deep; mountains lie hidden in the sea. Many a river is left dry or has altered its ancient course. One giant brandishes Thessalian Oeta in his mighty hand, another gathers all his strength and hurls Pangaeus at the foe, Athos with his snows arms another; this one roots up Ossa, that tears out Rhodope and Hebrus' source, dividing the waters that before were one; Enipeus, gathered up with its beetling crags, scatters its waters over yon giant's shoulders: robbed of her mountains Earth sank into level plains, parted among her own sons. On all sides a horrid din resounds and only the air divides the rival armies. First impetuous Mars urges against the horrid band his Thracian steeds that oft have driven in rout Getae or Geloni. Brighter than flame shines his golden shield, high towers the crest of his gleaming helmet. Dashing into the fray he first encounters Pelorus and transfixes him with his sword, where about the groin the two-bodied serpent [anguis] unites with his own giant form, and thus with one blow puts an end to three lives. Exulting in his victory he drives his chariot over the dying giant's limbs till the wheels ran red with blood. Mimas ran forward to avenge his brother. He had torn Lemnos and with it Vulcan's fiery house from out the foaming main, and was on the point of hurling it when Mars' javelin prevented him, scattering the brain from his shattered skull. What was giant in him died, but the serpent [serpens] legs still lived, and, hissing vengeance, sought to attack the victor after Mimas' death. Minerva rushed forward presenting her breast whereon glittered the Gorgon's head. The sight of this, she knew, was enough: she needed not to use a spear. One look sufficed. Pallas drew no nearer, rage as he might, for he was the first to be changed into a rock. When, at a distance from his foe, without a wound, he found himself rooted to the ground, and felt the murderous visage turn him, little by little, to stone (and all but stone he was) he called out, "What is happening to me? What is this ice that creeps o'er all my limbs? What is this numbness that holds me prisoner in these marble fetters?" Scarce had he uttered these few words when he was what he feared, and savage Damastor, seeking a weapon wherewith to repel the foe, hurled at them in place of a rock his brother's stony corpse. Then Echion [!], marvelling, all ignorant, at his brother's death, even as he seeks to assail the author of the deed, turned his gaze upon thee, goddess, whom alone no man may see twice. Beaten audacity well deserved its punishment and in death he learned to know the goddess. But Palleneus, mad with anger, turning his eyes aside, rushed at Minerva, striking at her with undirected sword. Nigh at hand the goddess smote him with her sword, and at the same time the snakes [anguis] froze at the Gorgon's glance, so that of one body a part was killed by a weapon and a part by a mere look. Impious Porphyrion, carried by his serpents [Ø] into the middle of the sea, tries to uproot trembling Delos, wishing to hurl it at the sky. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Shorter Poems ● LII (XXXVII). The Battle of the Giants: 1-10 ● LII (XXXVII). The Battle of the Giants: 27-35 ● LII (XXXVII). The Battle of the Giants: 52-116 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 136) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 142 ▲ “ In the midst of the island [Sicily] rise the charred cliffs of Aetna, eloquent monument of Jove's [Jupiter's] victory over the Giants, the tomb of Enceladus, whose bound and bruised body breathes forth endless sulphur clouds from its burning wounds. Whene'er his rebellious shoulders shift their burden to the right or left, the island is shaken from its foundations and the walls of tottering cities sway this way and that. The peaks of Aetna thou must know by sight alone; to them no foot may approach. „ “ On her burnished helmet the Triton-born goddess [Athena] wore a carved figure of Typhon, the upper part of his body lifeless, the lower limbs yet writhing [like snakes], part dead, part quick. Her terrible spear, piercing the clouds as she brandished it, resembled a tree; only the Gorgon's hissing neck she hid in the spread of her glittering cloak. „ “ For now the king of souls [Pluto] was pricking his way through the dim labyrinth of the underworld and crushing Enceladus, groaning beneath the weight of his massy steeds. His chariot-wheels severed the monstrous limbs, and the giant struggles, bearing Sicily along with Pluto on his burdened neck, and feebly essays to move and entangle the wheels with his weary serpents [serpens]; still o'er his blazing back passes the smoking chariot. And as sappers seek to issue forth upon their unsuspecting enemy and, following a mined path beneath the foundations of the tunnelled field, pass unmarked beyond the foe-invested walls of the city to break out, a victorious party, into the citadel of the outwitted enemy, seeming sprung from earth, even so Saturn's third son [Pluto] scours the devious darkness whithersoever his team hurries him, all eager to come forth beneath his brother's [Jupiter's] sky. No door lies open for him; rocks bar his egress on every side and detain the god in their escapeless prison. He brooked not the delay but wrathfully smote the crags with his beam-like staff. Sicily's caverns thundered, Lipare's isle was confounded, Vulcan left his forge in amaze and the Cyclops let drop their thunderbolts in fear. The pent-up denizens of the frozen Alps heard the uproar and he who then swam thy wave, father Tiber, thy brows not as yet graced with the crown of Italy's triumphs; there heard it he who rows his bark down Padus' stream. „ “ When Phlegra raged with war's madness [Gigantomachy] I bore no standard against the gods; 'twas through no strength of mine that ice-bound Ossa supported frozen Olympus. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the groanings of Enceladus ⟨...⟩ „ “ Have Typhon's shoulders forced up Inarime or does Alcyoneus course on foot through the Etruscan Sea, having burst the bonds of imprisoning Vesuvius? Or has the neighbouring mountain of Etna oped her jaws and expelled Enceladus? „ “ Heaven [Aether] is a more cruel enemy than Hell [Phlegra]. „ “ ⟨...⟩ a wood dense with foliage that closed in Etna's summit on all sides with interwoven branches. 'Tis there that Jove [Jupiter] is said to have laid down his bloody shield and set his captured spoil after the battle [Gigantomachy]. The grove glories in trophies from the plain of Phlegra and signs of victory clothe its every tree. Here hang the gaping jaws and monstrous skins of the Giants; affixed to trees their faces still threaten horribly, and heaped up on all sides bleach the huge bones of slaughtered serpents [serpens]. Their stiffening sloughs smoke with the blow of many a thunderbolt, and every tree boasts some illustrious name. This one scarce supports on its down-bended branches the naked swords of hundred-handed Aegaeon; that glories in the murky trophies of Coeus; this bears up the arms of Mimas; spoiled Ophion [Ophion] weighs down those branches. But higher than all the other trees towers a pine, its shady branches spread wide, and bears the reeking arms of Enceladus himself, all powerful king of the Earth-born giants; it would have fallen beneath the heavy burden did not a neighbouring oak-tree support its wearied weight. Therefore the spot wins awe and sanctity; none touches the aged grove, and 'tis accounted a crime to violate the trophies of the gods. No Cyclops dares pasture there his flock nor hew down the trees, Polyphemus himself flies from the hallowed shade. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Claudius Claudianus (c. 370-404 AD) Rape of Proserpine ● I (XXXIII): 153-161 ● II (XXXV): 21-26 ● II (XXXV): 156-178 ● II (XXXV): 255-257 ● III (XXXVI): 123 ● III (XXXVI): 183-187 ● III (XXXVI): 201 ● III (XXXVI): 334-356 Maurice Platnauer Loeb Classical Library (LCL 136) © Harvard University Press, 1922 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 143 ▲ “ [Hercules] is believed to have slain the Giants, ⟨...⟩ when he seemed to embody the valor of the gods in defending heaven. But what should we suppose the Giants were, if not some impious nation of men who denied the gods and were therefore thought to have aimed at driving the gods from their seat in heaven? The Giants' feet ended in serpents' [draco] coils, which symbolizes that their thoughts were in no way upright and godlike, that at every step and stage of their lives they were sinking into the world below. „ “ ⟨...⟩ I saw Otus and Ephialtes, monstrous, hulking, who with their own hands tried to tear great heaven down and pitch Jupiter from his realm above. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Macrobius Ambro-sius Theodosius (c. 390-400s AD) Saturnalia ● I: xx, 8-9 ● V: xiii, 18 Robert Andrew Kaster Loeb Classical Library (LCL 510) © Harvard University Press, 2011 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 144 ▲ “ He [Commodus, r. 176-192 AD] struck with his club, while clad in a woman's garment or a lion's skin [Translator's note: I.e. dressed as Hercules.], not lions only, but many men as well. Certain men who were lame in their feet and others who could not walk, he dressed up as giants, encasing their legs from the knee down in wrappings and bandages to make them look like serpents [draco] [Translator's note: According to Cassius Dio Roman History LXXIII, 20, he [Commodus] actually attached figures of serpents to their legs. The performance was an imitation of the mythical combats between the gods and the giants, in which the latter are usually represented, e.g. on the great altar from Pergamum, as having serpents for legs.], and then despatched them with his arrows. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (Scriptores Historiae Augustae, c. late 300s-early 400s AD) Historia Augusta ● 7. Commodus Antoninus by Aelius Lampridius: IX, 6 David Magie Loeb Classical Library (LCL 139) © Harvard University Press, 1921 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 145 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Maximinus [Maximinus Thrax, r. 235-238] was always clever enough not to rule the soldiers by force alone; on the contrary, he made them devoted to him by rewards and riches. He never took away any man's rations; he never let any man in his army work as a smith or artisan, which most of them are, but kept the legions busy only with frequent hunting. Along with these virtues, however, went such cruelty that some called him Cyclops, some Busiris, and others Sciron, not a few Phalaris, and many Typhon [Translator's note: Also called Typhoeus, a hundred-headed Titan [?], son of Gaia and Tartarus, struck with lightning by Zeus and buried under Aetna.] or Gyges [Translator's note: Also called Gyas; a giant with a hundred arms, the son of Gaia and Uranus.]. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anonym (Scriptores Historiae Augustae, c. late 300s-early 400s AD) Historia Augusta ● 19. The Two Maximini by Julius Capitolinus: VIII, 2-6 David Magie Loeb Classical Library (LCL 140) © Harvard University Press, 1924 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 146 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the starry heaven battered by Typhon's hands. „ “ Bring me the fennel, rattle the cymbals, ye Muses! put in my hand the wand of Dionysos whom I sing: but bring me a partner for your dance in the neighbouring island of Pharos, Proteus of many turns, that he may appear in all his diversity of shapes, since I twang my harp to a diversity of songs. For if, as a serpent [δράκων], he should glide along his winding trail, I will sing my god's achievement, how with ivy-wreathed wand he destroyed the horrid hosts of Giants serpent-haired [δράκων]. „ “ Then at a nod from his mother, the Earth, Cilician Typhoeus stretched out his hands, and stole the snowy tools of Zeus, the tools of fire; then spreading his row of rumble-rattling throats, he yelled as his warcry the cries of all wild beasts together: the snakes [δράκων] that grew from him waved over his leopards' heads, licked the grim lions' manes, girdled with their curly tails spiral-wise round the bulls' horns, mingled the shooting poison of their long thin tongues with the foam-spittle of the boar [Translator's note: The hundred heads of the monster had the shapes of all kinds of animals. He had two hundred hands.]. Now he laid the gear of Cronides [Zeus] in a cubbyhole of the rock, and spread the harvest of his clambering hands [Translator's note: I.e. his hands which were as numerous as cornstalks in a field.] into the upper air. And that battalion of hands! One throttled Cynosuris [Translator's note: A variant of Cynosura. Callisto.] beside the ankle-tip of Olympos; one gripped the Parrhasian Bear's mane as she rested on heaven's axis, and dragged her off; another caught the Oxdrover and knocked him out; another dragged Phosphoros, and in vain under the circling turning-post sounded the whistling of the heavenly lash in the morning; he carried off the Dawn, and held in the Bull, so that timeless, half-complete, horsewoman Season rested her team. And in the shadowy curls of his serpenthair [ἔχιδνα] heads the light was mingled with gloom; the Moon shone rising in broad day with the Sun. Still there was no rest. The Giant turned back, and passed from north to south; he left one pole and stood by the other. With a long arm he grasped the Charioteer, and flogged the back of hailstorming Aigoceros; he dragged the two Fishes out of the sky and cast them into the sea; he buffeted the Ram, that midnipple star of Olympos, who balances with equal pin day and darkness over the fiery orb of his spring-time neighbour. With trailing feet Typhoeus mounted close to the clouds: spreading abroad the far-scattered host of his arms, he shadowed the bright radiance of the unclouded sky by darting forth his tangled army of snakes [ὄφις]. One of them ran up right through the rim of the polar circuit and skipt upon the backbone of the heavenly Serpent [Δράκων], hissing his mortal challenge. One made for Cepheus's daughter, and with starry fingers twisting a ring as close as the other, enchained Andromeda, bound already, with a second bond aslant under her bands. Another, a horned serpent [δράκων], entwined about the forked horns of the Bull's horned head of shape like his own, and dangled coiling over the Bull's brow, tormenting with open jaws the Hyades opposite ranged like a crescent moon. Poison-spitting tangles of serpents [δράκων] in a bunch girdled the Ox-drover. Another made a bold leap, when he saw another Snake [Ὄφις] in Olympos, and jumped around the Ophiuchos's [Οφιούχος] arm that held the viper [ἔχιδνα]; then, curving his neck and coiling his crawling belly, he braided a second chaplet about Ariadne's crown. Then Typhoeus manyarmed turned to both ends, shaking with his host of arms the girdle of Zephyros and the wing of Euros opposite, dragging first Phosphoros, then Hesperos and the crest of Atlas. Many a time in the weedy gulf he seized Poseidon's chariot, and dragged it from the depths of the sea to land; again he pulled out a stallion by his brine-soaked mane from the undersea manger, and threw the vagabond nag to the vault of heaven, shooting his shot at Olympos - hit the Sun's chariot, and the horses on their round whinnied under the yoke. Many a time he took a bull at rest from his rustic plowtree and shook him with a threatening hand, bellow as he would, then shot him against the Moon like another moon, and stayed her course, then rushed hissing against the goddess, checking with the bridle her bulls' white yoke-straps, while he poured out the mortal whistle of a poison-spitting viper [ἔχιδνα]. But Titan Mene [Translator's note: The Moon.] would not yield to the attack. Battling against the Giant's heads, like-horned to hers, she carved many a scar on the shining orb of her bull's horn [Translator's note: Nonnos pictures the moon as Isis-Hathor, with horns and a disk between them.]; and Selene's radiant cattle bellowed amazed at the gaping chasm of Typhaon's throat. The Seasons undaunted armed the starry battalions, and the lines of heavenly Constellations in a disciplined circle came shining to the fray. A varied host maddened the upper air with clamour and with flame: some whose portion was Boreas, others the back of Lips in the west, or the eastern zones or the recesses of the south. The unshaken congregation of the fixt stars with unanimous acclamation left their places and caught up their travelling fellows. The axis passing through the heaven's hollow and fixt upright in the midst, groaned at the sound. Orion the hunter, seeing these tribes of wild beasts, drew his sword; the blade of the Tanagraian brand sparkled bright as its master made ready for attack; his thirsty Dog, shooting light from his fiery chin, bubbled up in his starry throat and let out a hot bark, and blew out the steam from his teeth against Typhaon's beasts instead of the usual hare. The sky was full of din, and, answering the seven-zoned heaven, the seven-throated cry of the Pleiads raised the war-shout from as many throats; and the planets as many again banged out an equal noise. Radiant Ophiuchos [Οφιούχος], seeing the Giant's direful snaky [ὄφις] shape, from his hands so potent against evil shook off the gray coils of the fire-bred serpents [δράκων], and shot the dappled coiling missile, while tempests roared round his flame - the viper-arrows [ἔχιδνα] flew slanting and maddened the air. Then the Archer [Translator's note: Sagittarius.] let fly a shaft, - that bold comrade of fish-like Aigoceros [Translator's note: Capricorn, represented as a fish-tailed goat.]; the Dragon [Δράκων], divided between the two Bears, and visible within the circle of the Wain, brandished the fiery trail of the heavenly spine; the Oxherd, Erigone's neighbour, attendant driver of the Wain, hurled his crook with flashing arm; beside the knee of the Image [Translator's note: A kneeling man, called now Hercules, but by the Greeks εἴδωλον ἄιστον, or Ἐγγόνασιν, Latinized as Engonasin.] and his neighbour the Swan, the starry Lyre presaged the victory of Zeus. Now Typhoeus shifted to the rocks, leaving the air, to flog the seas. He grasped and shook the peak of Corycios [Translator's note: A rock on the coast of Asia Minor, near Erythrai. The Cydnos runs through the city of Tarsos.], and crushing the flood of the river that belongs to Cilicia, joined Tarsos and Cydnos together in one hand; then hurled a volley of cliffs upon the mustered waves of the brine. As the Giant advanced with feet trailing in the briny flood, his bare loins were seen dry through the water, which broke heavy against his mid-thigh crashing and booming; his serpents [δράκων] afloat sounded the charge with hissings from brine-beaten throats, and spitting poison led the attack upon the sea. There stood Typhon in the fish-giving sea, his feet firm in the depths of the weedy bottom, his belly in the air and crushed in clouds: hearing the terrible roar from the mane-bristling lions of his giant's head, the sea-lion lurked in the oozy gulf. There was no room in the deep for all its phalanx of leviathans [κῆτος], since the Earthborn monster covered a whole sea, larger than the land, with flanks that no sea could cover. The seals bleated, the dolphins hid in the deep water; the manyfooted squid, a master of craft, weaving his trailing web of crisscross knots, stuck fast on his familiar rock, making his limbs look like a pattern on the stone. All the world was a-tremble: the love-maddened murry herself [Translator's note: The loves of the murry, or lamprey, and viper are told by Aelian On the Characteristics of Animals I, 50.], drawn by her passion for the serpent's [δράκων] bed, shivered under the god-desecrating breath of these seafaring serpents [δράκων]. The waters piled up and touched Olympos with precipitous seas; as the streams mounted on high, the bird never touched by rain found the sea his neighbour, and washed himself. Typhoeus, holding a counterfeit of the deep-sea trident, with one earthshaking flip from his enormous hand broke off an island at the edge of the continent which is the kerb of the brine, circled it round and round, and hurled the whole thing like a ball. And while the Giant waged his war, his hurtling arms drew near to the stars, and obscured the sun, as they attacked Olympos, and cast the precipitous crag. Now after the frontier of the deep, after the well-laid foundation of the earth, this bastard Zeus armed his hand with fire-barbed thunderbolt: raising the gear of Zeus was hard work for the monster Typhoeus with two hundred furious hands, so great was the weight; but Cronion would lightly lift it with one hand. No clouds were about the Giant: against his dry arms, the thunder let out a dull-sounding note booming gently without a clap, and in the drought of the air scarcely did a thirsty dew trickle in snowflakes without a drop in them; the lightning was dim, and only a softish flame shone sparkling shamefacedly, like smoke shot with flame. The thunderbolts felt the hands of a novice, and all their manly blaze was unmanned. Often they slipped out of those many many hands, and went leaping of themselves; the brands went astray, missing the familiar hand of their heavenly master [Zeus]. As a man beats a horse that loathes the bit, - some stranger, a novice untaught, flogging a restive nag, as he tries again and again in vain, and the defiant beast knows by instinct the changeling hand of an unfamiliar driver, leaping madly, rearing straight into the air with hind-hooves planted immovable, lifting the forelegs and pawing out to the front, raising the neck till the mane is shaken abroad over both shoulders at once: so the monster laboured with this hand or that to lift the fugitive flashing of the roving thunderbolt. „ “ But Typhoeus was no longer to hold the gear of Zeus. For now Zeus Cronides along with Archer Eros left the circling pole, and met roving Cadmos amid the mountains on his wandering search; then he devised with him an ingenious plan, and entwined the deadly threads of Moira's spindle for Typhon. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the plot to pilot Typhaon to his death. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Olympos is scourged! for Typhoeus is armed with my [Zeus'] heavenly weapons. Only the aegis-cape is left me; but what will my aegis do fighting with Typhon's thunderbolt? „ “ ⟨...⟩ one of that nation call Typhon Lord of Rain, or Highest, and Ruling in the Heights, defiling my name! „ “ ⟨...⟩ that I [Zeus] may not hear the noise of Cloud-gatherer Typhoeus, the thunders of a new impostor Zeus, that I may stop his battling with lightnings and volleying with thunderbolts! „ “ As fiery god, arm yourself [Cadmos] against Typhon, and by your help let the fiery thunderbolts return to my hand. „ “ The Giant loved music, and when he heard this delusive melody, he leapt up and dragged along his viperish [ἔχιδνα] feet; he left in a cave the flaming weapons of Zeus with Mother Earth to keep them, and followed the notes to seek the neighbouring tune of the pipes which delighted his soul. „ “ ⟨...⟩ the monster Typhoeus with head high in air ⟨...⟩ „ “ See the Conquering Typhon comes, you herdsman [Cadmos]! Sing the new lawful sovereign of Olympos in me, bearing the sceptre of Zeus and his robe of lightning! „ “ ⟨...⟩ when you [Typhon] strike Zeus and the gods with your thunderbolt, do leave only the Archer, that while Typhon feasts at his table, I and Phoibos may have a match, and see which will beat which in celebrating mighty Typhon! „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus bowed his flashing eyebrows and shook his locks: every hair belched viper-poison [ἔχιδνα] and drenched the hills. Quick he returned to his cave, took up and brought out the sinews of Zeus, and gave them to crafty Cadmos as the guest's gift; they had fallen on the ground in the battle with Typhaon. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Zeus Giant-slayer ⟨...⟩ „ “ Typhoeus pricked up all his many ears and listened to the melody, and knew nothing. The Giant was bewitched, while the false shepherd whistled by his side, as if sounding the rout of the immortals with his pipes; but he was celebrating the soon-coming victory of Zeus, and singing the fate of Typhon to Typhon sitting by his side. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus yielded his whole soul to Cadmos for the melody to charm. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● I: 2 ● I: 11-19 ● I: 154-320 ● I: 363-367 ● I: 376 ● I: 379-382 ● I: 386-387 ● I: 390-392 ● I: 402-403 ● I: 415-419 ● I: 421-422 ● I: 478-480 ● I: 500-503 ● I: 507-512 ● I: 516 ● I: 519-524 ● I: 533-534 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 344) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 147 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhon's battle ranging through the stars, and lightning, and the struggles of Zeus, and the triumph of Olympos. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus might learn this crafty plan, and the secret thief of the thunderbolts ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ all the Giant wanted was, to hear more and more of the mind-bewitching melody with its delicious thrill. „ “ Typhoeus rushed head-in-air with the fury of battle into the cave's recesses, and searched with hurried madness for the wind-coursing thunderbolt and the lightning unapproachable; with inquiring foot he chased the fire-shotten gleam of the stolen thunderbolt, and found an empty cave! Too late he learnt the craft-devising schemes of Cronides [Zeus] and the subtle machinations of Cadmos: flinging the rocks about he leapt upon Olympos. While he dragged his crooked track with snaky [ὄφις] foot, he spat out showers of poison from his throat; the mountain torrents were swollen, as the monster showered fountains from the viperish [ἔχιδνα] bristles of his high head; as he marched, the solid earth did sink, and the steady ground of Cilicia shook to its foundations under those dragon-feet [δράκων]; the flanks of craggy Tauros crashed with a rumbling din, until the neighbouring Pamphylian hills danced with fear; the underground caverns boomed, the rocky headlands trembled, the hidden places shook, the shore slipt away as a thrust of his earthshaking foot loosened the sands. Neither pasture nor wild beasts were spared. Rawravening bears made a meal for the jaws of Typhaon's bear-heads; tawny bodies of chest-bristling lions were swallowed by the gaping jaws of his own lion-heads; his snaky [ἔχιδνα] throats devoured the cold shapes of earthfed serpents [δράκων]; birds of the air, flying through untrodden space, there met neighbours to gulp them down their throats - he found the eagle in his home, and that was the food he relished most, because it is called the Bird of Zeus. He ate up the plowing ox, and had no pity when he saw the galled neck bloody from the yoke-straps. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Typhoeus reaches the clouds with highclambering hands! „ “ ⟨...⟩ the water-snakes [ὕδρα] of the monster's [Typhon's] viperish [ἔχιδνα] feet crawl into the caverns underground, spitting poison! „ “ Shall I [Laurel Hamadryad] mingle with Typhon? Then shall I bear a son like the father - an alien, multiform! „ “ Old Oxherd was on guard with unsleeping eyes, in company with the heavenly Serpent [Δράκων] of the Arcadian Bear, looking out from on high for some nightly assault of Typhon: the Morning Star watched the east, the Evening Star the west, and Cepheus, leaving the southern gates to the Archer, himself patrolled the rainy gates of the north. Watchfires were all around: for the blazing flames of the stars, and the nightly lamp of unresting Selene, sparkled like torches. Often the shooting stars, leaping through the heights of Olympos with windswept whirl from the ether, scored the air with flame on Cronion's [Zeus'] right hand; often the lightning danced, twisting about like a tumbler, and tearing the clouds as it shot through, the uncertain brilliance which runs to and fro, now hidden, now shining, in alternating swing; and the comet twined in clusters the long strands of his woven flame, and made a ragged light with his hairy fire. Stray meteors were also shining, like long rafters stretching across the sky, shooting their long fires as allies of Zeus ⟨...⟩ „ “ Lord Zeus! stand up as champion of your own children! Let me never see Athena mingled with Typhon, she who knows not the way of a man with a maid! Make not a mother of the unmothered [Translator's note: Having no mother, but only a father, Athena, whose emissary is here speaking (Victory is her constant attendant), is "wholly of the Father" and approves of men in every way except as husbands.]! Fight, brandish your lightning, the fiery spear of Olympos! Gather once more your clouds, lord of the rain! For the foundations of the steadfast universe are already shaking under Typhon's hands: the four blended elements are melted! „ “ Typhoeus stretched out his sluggish back and lay heavy upon his bed, covering his Mother Earth; she opened wide her bosom, and lurking lairs were hollowed out in a grinning chasm for the snaky [ἔχιδνα] heads which sank into the ground. The sun appeared, and many-armed Typhoeus roared for the fray with all the tongues of all his throats, challenging mighty Zeus. That sonorous voice reached where the root-fixt bed of refluent Oceanos surrounds the circle of the world and its four divided parts, girdling the whole earth coronet-wise with encircling band; as the monster spoke, that which answered the army of his voices, was not one concordant echo, but a babel of screaming sounds: when the monster arrayed him with all his manifold shapes, out rang the yowling of wolves, the roaring of lions, the grunting of boars, the lowing of cattle, the hissing of serpents [δράκων], the bold yap of leopards, the jaws of rearing bears, the fury of dogs. Then with his midmost man-shaped head the Giant yelled out threats against Zeus ⟨...⟩ „ “ Let Selene's cattle change their watery road, fearing the heavybooming bellow of my [Typhon's] heads! Let Typhaon's bear open wide his grim gaping jaws, and worry the Bear of Olympos! Let my lion face the heavenly Lion, and drive him reluctant from the path of the Zodiac! Let the Waggon's snake [Ὄφις] shiver at my serpents [δράκων]! „ “ I [Typhon] will carry off Pallas [Athena] and join her to Ephialtes, married at last; that I may see Ares a slave, and Athena a mother. „ “ You prepared the bed of Zeus, build now the bower of love for Typhoeus; you also, Leto, Athenaia, Paphian, Charis, Artemis, Hebe, bring up from Oceanos his kindred [Translator's note: Oceanos, like Typhon, is a son of Earth: Hesiod Theogony 126-136.] water for Typhon the Bridegroom! And at the banquet of my [Typhon's] table, with bridal quill Apollo my menial shall celebrate Typhoeus instead of Zeus. „ “ I [Typhon] will break those constraining chains, and bring back the Titans to heaven, and settle under the same roof in the sky the Cyclopes, sons of Earth. I will make more weapons of fire; for I need many thunderbolts, because I have two hundred hands to fight with, not only a pair like Cronides [Zeus]. I will forge a newer and better brand of lightning, with more fire and flashes. I will build another heaven up aloft, the eighth, broader and higher than the rest, and furnish it with brighter stars; for the vault which we see close beside us is not enough to cover the whole of Typhon. And after those girl children and the male progeny of prolific Zeus, I will beget another multiparous generation of new Blessed Ones with multitudinous necks. „ “ Zeus flogging the clouds beat a thundering roar in the sky and trumpeted Enyo's call, then fitted clouds upon his chest in a bunch as a protection against the Giant's missiles. Nor was Typhoeus silent: his bull-heads were self-sounding trumpets for him, sending forth a bellow which made Olympos rattle again; his serpents [δράκων] intermingled whistled for Ares' pipes. He fortified the ranks of his high-clambering limbs, shielding mighty rock with rock until the cliffs made an unbroken wall of battlements, as he set crag by crag uprooted in a long line. It looked like an army preparing for battle; for side by side bluff pressed hard on bluff, tor upon tor, ledge upon ledge, and high in the clouds one tortuous ridge pushed another; rugged hills were Typhon's helmets, and his heads were hidden in their beetling steeps. In that battle, the Giant had indeed one body, but many necks, but legions of arms innumerable, lions' jaws with well-sharpened fangs, hairbush of vipers [ἔχιδνα] mounting over the stars. Trees were doubled up by Typhaon's hands and thrown against Cronides [Zeus], and other fine leafy growths of earth, but all these Zeus unwilling burnt to dust with one spark of thunderbolt cast in a heavy throw. Many an elm was hurled against Zeus with firs coeval, and enormous plane-trees and volleys of white poplar; many a pit was broken in earth's flank. „ “ ⟨...⟩ from Typhaon's hands were showered volleys against the unwearied thunderbolts of Zeus ⟨...⟩ „ “ Now Zeus armed the two grim sons of Enyalios, his own grandsons, Rout and Terror his servant, the inseparable guardsmen of the sky: Rout he set up with the lightning, Terror he made strong with the thunderbolt, terrifying Typhon. Victory lifted her shield and held it before Zeus: Enyo countered with a shout, and Ares made a din. Zeus breasting the tempests with his aegis-breastplate swooped down from the air on high, seated in Time's chariot with four winged steeds, for the horses that drew Cronion were the team of the winds. Now he battled with lightnings, now with levin; now he attacked with thunders, now poured out petrified masses of frozen hail in volleying showers. Waterspouts burst thick upon the Giant's heads with sharp blows, and hands were cut off from the monster by the frozen volleys of the air as by a knife. One hand rolled in the dust, struck off by the icy cut of the hail; it did not drop the crag which it held, but fought on even while it fell, and shot rolling over the ground in self-propelled leaps, a hand gone mad! as if it still wished to strike the vault of Olympos. When the sovereign of the heavens brandished aloft his fiery bolt, and passing from the left wing of the battle to the right, fought manifest on high. The many-armed monster hastened to the watery torrents; he intertwined his row of fingers into a living mat, and hollowing his capacious palms, he lifted from the midst of the wintry rivers their water as it came pouring down from the mountains, and threw these detached parcels of the streams against the lightning. But the ethereal flame blazed with livelier sparks through the water of the torrents which struck it; the thirsty water boiled and steamed, and its liquid essence dried up in the red hot mass. Yes - to quench the ethereal fire was the bold Giant's plan, poor fool! he knew not that the fire-flaming thunderbolts and lightnings are the offspring of the clouds from whence the rain-showers come! Again, he cut straight off sections of the torrent-beds, and designed to crush the breast of Zeus which no iron can wound; the mass of rock came hurtling at Zeus, but Zeus blew a light puff from the edge of his lips, and that gentle breath turned the whirling rock aside with all its towering crags. The monster with his hand broke off a rounded promontory from an island, and rising for the attack circled it round his head again and again, and cast it at the invincible face of Zeus; then Zeus moved his head aside, and dodged the jagged rock which came at him; but Typhon hit the lightning as it passed on its hot zigzag path, and at once the rock was white-patched at the tip and blackened with smoke - there was no mistake about it. A third rock he cast; but Cronion [Zeus] caught it in full career with the flat of his infinite open hand, and by a playful turn of the wrist sent it back like a bouncing ball, to Typhon. The crag returned with many an airy twist along its homeward path, and of itself shot the shooter. A fourth shot he sent, higher than before: the rock touched the tassel-tips of the aegis-cape, and split asunder. Another he let fly: storm-swift the rock flew, but a thunderbolt struck it, and half-consumed, it blazed. The crags could not pierce the raincloud; but the stricken hills were broken to pieces by the rainclouds. Thus impartial Enyo held equal balance between the two sides, between Zeus and Typhon, while the thunderbolts with booming shots held revel like dancers of the sky. Cronides fought fully armed: in the fray, the thunder was his shield, the cloud his breastplate, he cast the lightning for a spear; Zeus let fly his thunderbolts from the air, his arrows barbed with fire. „ “ Zeus the father fought on: raised and hurled his familiar fire against his adversary, piercing his lions, and sending a fiery whirlwind from heaven to strike the battalion of his innumerable necks with their babel of tongues. Zeus cast his bolt, and one blaze burnt the monster's endless hands, one blaze consumed his numberless shoulders and the speckled tribes of his serpents [δράκων]; heaven's blades cut off those countless heads; a writhing comet met him front to front discharging a thick bush of sparks, and consumed the monster's hair. Typhon's heads were ablaze, the hair caught fire; with heaven's sparks silence sealed the hissing tresses, the serpents [δράκων] shrivelled up, and in their throats the poison-spitting drops were dried. The Giant fought on: his eyes were burnt to ashes in the murky smoke, his cheeks were whitened with hoar-frost, his faces beaten with showers of snow. He suffered the fourfold compulsion of the four winds. „ “ ⟨...⟩ leading against Typhon a glowing blaze with steamy heat. If again Rainy Zeus poured down a watery torrent, Typhoeus bathed all his body in the trouble-soothing showers, and refreshed his benumbed limbs after the stifling thunderbolts. Now as the son was scourged with frozen volleys of jagged hailstones, his mother the dry Earth was beaten too; and seeing the stone bullets and icy points embedded in the Giant's flesh, the witness of his fate, she prayed to Titan Helios with submissive voice: she begged of him one red hot ray, that with its heating fire she might melt the petrified water of Zeus, by pouring his kindred [Translator's note: Because both came of the same stock.] radiance over frozen Typhon. She herself melted along with his bruised body; and when she saw his legion of highclambering hands burnt all round, she besought one of the tempestuous winter's blasts to come for one morning, that he might quench Typhon's overpowering thirst by his cool breezes. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Earth his Mother had thrown off her veil of forests with her hand, and just then was grieving to behold Typhaon's smoking heads. While his faces were shrivelling, the Giant's knees gave way beneath him; the trumpet of Zeus brayed, foretelling victory with a roll of thunder; down fell Typhoeus's high-uplifted frame, drunk with the fiery bolt from heaven, stricken with a war-wound of something more than steel, and lay with his back upon Earth his mother, stretching his snaky [ὄφις] limbs in the dust and belching flame. „ “ [Zeus mocking Typhon:] A fine ally has old Cronos found in you, Typhoeus! Earth could scarcely bring forth that great son for Iapetos! A jolly champion of Titans! The thunderbolts of Zeus soon lost their power against you, as I see! How long are you going to wait before taking up your quarters in the inaccessible heavens, you sceptred impostor? The throne of Olympos awaits you: accept the robes and sceptre of Zeus, God-defying Typhoeus! Bring back Astraios [Translator's note: A Titan, husband of Eos. In the Orphic consmogony, Eurynome and Ophion had ruled in Olympos before Cronos and Rhea, but Cronos turned them out.] to heaven; if you wish, let Eurynome and Ophion [Ὀφίων] return to the sky, and Cronos in the train of that pair! „ “ [Zeus mocking Typhon:] What did you want to gain by your riot, but to see Zeus and Earthshaker footmen behind your throne? Well, here you have Zeus helpless, no longer sceptre-bearer of Olympos, Zeus stript of his thunders and his clouds, holding up no longer the lightning's fire divine or the familiar thunderbolt, but a torch for Typhaon's bower, groom of the chamber to Hera the bride of your spear, whom he eyes with wrath, jealous of your bed: here you have Earthshaker with him, torn from the sea for a new place instead of the deep as waiter at your table, no trident in his hand but a cup for you if you are thirsty! Here you have Ares for a menial, Apollo is your lackey! Send round Maia's son, King's Messenger [Hermes], to announce to the Titans your triumph and your glory in the skies. But leave your smith Hephaistos to his regular work in Lemnos, and he can make a necklace to adorn your newly wedded bride, a real work of art, in dazzling colours, or a fine pair of brilliant shoes for your wife's feet to delight her, or he can build another Olympian throne of shining gold, that your golden-throned Hera may laugh because she has a better throne than yours! And when you have the underground Cyclopes domiciled in Olympos, make a new spark for an improved thunderbolt. As for Eros, who bewitched your mind by delusive hopes of victory, chain him with golden Aphrodite in chains of gold, and clamp with chains of bronze Ares the governor of iron! „ “ [Zeus mocking Typhon:] How was it you could not escape a harmless little flash of lightning? How was it with all those innumerable ears you were afraid to hear a little rainy thud of thunder? Who made you so big a coward? Where are your weapons? Where are your puppyheads? Where are those gaping lions, where is the heavy bellowing of your throats like a rumbling earthquake? Where is the far-flung poison of your snaky [δράκων] mane? Do not you hiss any more with that coronet of serpentine [ὄφις] bristles? Where are the bellowings of your bull-mouths? Where are your hands and their volleys of precipitous crags? Do you flog no longer the mazy circles of the stars? Do the jutting tusks of your boars no longer whiten their chins, wet with a frill of foamy drippings? Come now, where are the bristling grinning jaws of the mad bear? Son of Earth, give place to the sons of heaven! For I with one hand have vanquished your hands, two hundred strong. Let three-headland Sicily receive Typhon whole and entire, let her crush him all about under her steep and lofty hills, with the hair of his hundred heads miserably bedabbled in dust. Nevertheless, if you did have an over-violent mind, if you did assault Olympos itself in your impracticable ambitions, I will build you a cenotaph, presumptuous wretch, and I will engrave on your empty tomb, this last message: "This is the barrow of Typhoeus son of Earth, who once lashed the sky with stones, and the fire of heaven burnt him up". Thus he mocked the half-living corpse of the son of Earth. „ “ Then Nature, who governs the universe and recreates its substance, closed up the gaping rents in earth's broken surface, and sealed once more with the bond of indivisible joinery those island cliffs which had been rent from their beds. No longer was there turmoil among the stars. For Helios replaced the maned Lion, who had moved out of the path of the Zodiac, beside the Maiden who holds the corn-earb; Selene took the Crab, now crawling over the forehead of the heavenly Lion, and drew him back opposite cold Capricorn, and fixt him there. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Zeus Cronides dismissed Agenor's son [Cadmos], and swiftly turned his golden chariot toward the round of the ethereal stars, while Victory by his side drove her father's team with the heavenly whip. So the god came once more to the sky; and to receive him the stately Seasons threw open the heavenly gates, and crowned the heavens. With Zeus victorious, the other gods came home to Olympos, in their own form come again, for they put off the winged shapes which they had taken on. Athena came into heaven unarmed, in dainty robes with Ares turned Comus, and Victory for Song; and Themis displayed to dumbfounded Earth, mother of the giants, the spoils of the giant destroyed, an awful warning for the future, and hung them up high in the vestibule of Olympos. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● II: 1-2 ● II: 7-8 ● II: 8-10 ● II: 22-52 ● II: 128-129 ● II: 141-143 ● II: 147-148 ● II: 182-201 ● II: 208-216 ● II: 239-257 ● II: 284-290 ● II: 311-313 ● II: 328-333 ● II: 339-352 ● II: 364-390 ● II: 403-404 ● II: 414-481 ● II: 508-524 ● II: 535-552 ● II: 554-563 ● II: 565-574 ● II: 579-604 ● II: 605-631 ● II: 650-659 ● II: 699-712 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 344) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 148 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ when Cadmos was nearly exhausted, Athena came near, shaking the aegis-cape with the Gorgon's head and snaky [ἔχιδνα] hair, the forecast of coming victory; and the nation-mustering deity cried aloud to the dumbfounded man - "Cadmos, helpmate and ally of Zeus Giant-slayer in the battle! Are you afraid when you see only one snake [ὄφις]? In those battles Cronion [Zeus] trusted in you, and brought low Typhon with all that shock of heads, and every one a snake [δράκων]! Tremble no more at the hiss from the creature's teeth. Pallas bids you on! ⟨...⟩" „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● IV: 389-398 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 344) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 149 ▲ “ Hera returned to heaven and went indoors. There beside the heavenly throne she saw the weapons of Zeus lying without their owner; and as if they could hear, she addressed them in friendly cajoling words: "Dear Thunder, has Zeus my cloudgatherer deserted you too then? Who has stolen you again [Translator's note: As Typhoeus did.] and left your owner naked? Thunder, you have been plundered! But Typhoeus has nothing to do with it. ⟨...⟩" „ “ Remember who wove the wilywitted fate for Typhon, and brought back to you the stolen spark of your thunder! „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● VIII: 266-272 ● VIII: 336-338 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 344) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 150 ▲ “ A great host came armed from Stataloi. There Typhoeus, spouting up the hot stream of the fiery thunderbolt, had kindled the neighbouring country, and as Typhon blazed amid clouds of smoke, the mountains were burnt to ashes, while his heads melted in the limb-devouring flame. But the priest of Lydian Zeus left the fragrant temple redolent of incense, and without steel made battle with piercing words, a word for a spear, no cutting steel, and brought the Son of Earth to obedience with his tongue; his bold mouth was his lance, his word a sword, his voice a shield, and this was all that issued from his inspired throat - "Stand, wretch!" So the flaming Giant by magic art was held fast in chains of glammery by the invincible word, and stood in awe of a man armed with a spear of the mind, while the avenging word shackled him in fetters not made of steel. That awful giant towering high, trembled not so much at the Archer of Thunderbolts [Zeus], as for the battlecrashing magician shooting bolts of speech from his tongue. He gave way, as the sharp words pierced him with wounds speaking in quick words. Already scorched with flame, thrust through with a redhot spear, Typhoeus gave way at the other fire hotter still, a fire of the mind. His snaky [ἔχιδνα] feet were rooted firm and immovable by main force, firmly fixt in Earth his mother, his body was wounded by a bloodless blade that made no mark. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XIII: 474-497 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 344) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 151 ▲ “ You [Bacchos] are not like a son of Zeus [Heracles]. You did not slay with an arrow threatening Otos and hightowering Ephialtes ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XX: 80-81 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 354) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 152 ▲ “ Their leader was Thureus, that prodigious chieftain of India's war, with a rush like towering Typhon when he attacked the thunderbolt. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XXII: 139-141 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 354) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 153 ▲ “ If Typhoeus in rebellion had bent his bold neck and submitted, your father Zeus, Lord in the highest, would have checked his lightning, his overwhelming threat would have been cast aside and forgotten. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XXIV: 58-61 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 354) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 154 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Bacchos reaped the stubble of snakehaired [δράκων] giants, a conquering hero with a tiny manbreaking wand, when he cast the battling ivy against Porphyrion, when he buffeted Encelados and drove off Alcyoneus with a volley of leaves: then the wands flew in showers, and brought the earthborn down in defence of Olympos, when the coiling sons of Earth with two hundred hands, who pressed the starry vault with manynecked heads, bent the knee before a flimsy javelin of vineleaves or a spear of ivy. Not so great a swarm fell to the fiery thunderbolt as fell to the manbreaking thyrsus. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Alpos, that godfighting son of Earth, Alpos with a hundred vipers [ἔχιδνα] on his head for hair, who touched the Sun, and pulled back the Moon, and tormented the company of stars with his tresses. „ “ ⟨...⟩ Bacchos brought low the Giants ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XXV: 87-97 ● XXV: 238-241 ● XXV: 258 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 354) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 155 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Bacchos, whose arrows bring down the Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XXIX: 40 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 354) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 156 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Ares, the one I [Hera] brought forth, born of a heavenly womb, my own son, was shackled tight inglorious in earthly fetters in a jar, where Ephialtes had hidden him. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XXXI: 41-43 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 354) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 157 ▲ “ Colletes with his huge body, immense, formidable, nine cubits [~4.5 m] high, equal to Alcyoneus, went raging through the fighting hosts of Bacchos. He wished after the battle to drag a company of Bassarids to his bed, and no brideprice paid for the forced bridals. But that was an empty hope he fought for, that mighty man: like bold Otos [Translator's note: Otos and Ephialtes, the gigantic sons of Aloeus and Poseidon.], who would tread the forbidden ground of heaven for lust of the holy bed of Archeress the unwedded [Artemis]; like Ephialtes, whose love was for wedlock with pure Athena, when he attacked Olympos in the clouds on high. Such was Colletes, gigantic, heavenhigh, having in him the sacrilegious blood of his giant ancestor the founder of the Indian race. He was great enough to put Ares in prison like the sons of Iphimedeia. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XXXVI: 241-254 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 356) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 158 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ He [Bacchos] came near to Beroe and would have spoken a word, but fear held him fast. God of jubilation, where is your manslaying thyrsus? Where your frightful horns? Where the green snaky [ὄφις] ropes of earthfed serpents [δράκων] in your hair? Where is your heavy-booming bellow? See a great miracle - Bacchos trembling before a maid, Bacchos before whom the tribes of the giants trembled! Love's fear has conquered the destroyer of giants. He mowed down all that warmad nation of the Indians, and he fears one weak lovely girl, fears a tender woman. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XLII: 138-147 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 356) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 159 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ my fawnskin is red with the newly-shed blood of slain Giants ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ Proteus left the flood of the Isthmian sea of Pallene, and armed him in a cuirass of the brine, the sealskin. Round him in a ring rushed the swarthy Indians at the summons of Bacchos, and crowds of the woollyheaded men embraced the shepherd of the seals in his various forms. For in their grasp the Old Man Proteus took on changing shapes, weaving his limbs into many mimic images. He spotted his body into a dappleback panther. He made his limbs a tree, and stood straight up on the earth a selfgrown spire, shaking his leaves and whistling a counterfeit whisper to the North Wind. He scored his back well with painted scales and crawled as a serpent [δράκων]; he rose in coils squeezing his belly, and with a dancing throb of his curling tail's tip he twirled about, lifted his head and spat hissing from gaping throat and grinning jaws a shooting shower of poison. So from one shadowy shape to another in changeling form he bristled as a lion, charged as a boar, flowed as water - the Indian company clutched the wet flood in threatening grasp, but found the pretended water slipping through their hands. So the crafty Old Man changed into many and varied shapes, as many as the varied shapes of Periclymenos [Translator's note: A son of Neleus and brother of Nestor, to whom Poseidon gave power to take all manner of shapes.], whom Heracles slew when between two fingers he crushed the counterfeit shape of a bastard bee. Flocks of sea-monsters ringed round the Old Man on his expedition to dry land, water splashed with a heavy roar from the open mouths of the sand-loving seals. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XLIII: 134-135 ● XLIII: 225-252 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 356) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 160 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ avoid the divine hand of Dionysos Giant-slayer, who once beside the base of Tyrsenian Peloros smashed Alpos [Translator's note: No one else mentions Alpos, whose name, despite the fact that he is placed in Sicily, would seem to be connected with the Alps in some way; the syllable alp- is found in other place-names.], the son of Earth who fought against gods, battering with rocks and throwing hills. No wayfarer then climbed the height of that rock, for fear of the raging Giant and his row of mouths; and if one in ignorance travelled on that forbidden road whipping a bold horse, the son of Earth spied him, pulled him over the rock with a tangle of many hands, entombed man and colt in his gullet! Often some old shepherd leading his sheep to pasture along the wooded hillside at midday was gobbled up. In those days melodious Pan never sat beside herds of goats or sheepcotes playing his tune on the assembled reeds, no imitating Echo returned the sounds of his pipes; but prattler as she was, silence sealed those lips which were wont to sound with the pipe of Pan never silent, because the Giant then oppressed all. No cowherd then came, no band of woodmen cutting timbers for a ship troubled the Nymphs of the trees, their agemates, no clever shipwright clamped together a barge, the woodriveted car that travels the roads of the sea, until Bacchos on his travels passed by that peak, shaking his Euian thyrsus. As Lyaios passed, the huge son of Earth high as the clouds attacked him. A rock was the shield upon his shoulders, a hilltop was his missile; he leapt on Bacchos, with a tall tree which he found near for a pike, some pine or planetree to cast at Dionysos. A pine was his club, and he pulled up an olive spire from the roots to whirl for a quick sword. But when he had stript the whole mountain for his long shots, and the ridge was bare of all the thick shady trees, then Bacchos thyrsus-wild sped his own shot whizzing as usual to the mark, and hit this towering Alpos full in the wide throat - right through the gullet went the sharp point of the greeny spear. Then the Giant pierced with the sharp little thyrsus rolled over half dead and fell in the neighbouring sea, filling the whole deephollowed abyss of the bay. He lifted the waters and deluged Typhaon's rock, flooding the hot surface of his brother's bed and cooling his scorched body with a torrent of water. Nay, my son, be careful, that you too may not see what the sons of Tyrsenia saw, what the bold son of Earth saw. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XLV: 172-215 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 356) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 161 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Bacchos ⟨...⟩ having the Olympian breed of his race, should play the part of Zeus his giant-slaying father. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XLVI: 77-78 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 356) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 162 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Inachian Hera had not softened her rancorous rage for Argos maddened; she remembered the frenzy of the Achaian women and prepared again to attack Bacchos. She addressed her deceitful prayers to Allmother Earth, crying out upon the doings of Zeus and the valour of Dionysos, who had destroyed that cloud of numberless earthborn Indians; and when the lifebringing mother heard that the son of Semele had wiped out the Indian nation with speedy fate, she groaned still more thinking of her children. Then she armed all round Bacchos the mountainranging tribes of giants, earth's own brood, and goaded her huge sons to battle: "My sons, make your attack with hightowering rocks against clustergarlanded Dionysos - catch this Indianslayer, this destroyer of my family, this son of Zeus, and let me not see him ruling with Zeus a bastard monarch of Olympos! Bind him, bind Bacchos fast, that he may attend in the chamber when I bestow Hebe on Porphyrion as a wife, and give Cythereia to Chthonios, when I sing Bright-eyes the bedfellow of Encelados, and Artemis of Alcyoneus. Bring Dionysos to me, that I may enrage Cronion [Zeus] when he sees Lyaios a slave and the captive of my spear. Or wound him with cutting steel and kill him for me like Zagreus, that one may say, god or mortal, that Earth in her anger has twice armed her slayers against the breed of Cronides - the older Titans against the former Dionysos, the younger Giants against Dionysos later born." With these words she excited all the host of the Giants, and the battalions of the Earthborn set forth to war, one bearing a bulwark of Nysa, one who had sliced off with steel the flank of a cloudhigh precipice, each with these rocks for missiles armed him against Dionysos; one hastened to the conflict bearing the rocky hill of some land with its base in the brine, another with a reef torn from a brinegirt isthmus. Peloreus took up Pelion with hightowering peak as a missile in his innumerable arms, and left the cave of Philyra bare: as the rocky roof of his cave was pulled off, old Cheiron quivered and shook, that figure of half a man growing into a comrade horse. But Bacchos held a bunch of giantsbane vine, and ran at Alcyoneus with the mountain upraised in his hands: he wielded no furious lance, no deadly sword, but he struck with his bunch of tendrils and shore off the multitudinous hands of the Giants; the terrible swarms of groundbred serpents [δράκων] were shorn off by those tippling leaves, the Giants' heads with those viper [ἔχιδνα] tresses were cut off and the severed necks danced in the dust. Tribes innumerable were destroyed; from the slain Giants ran everflowing rivers of blood, crimson torrents newly poured coloured the ravines red. The swarms of earthbred snakes [δράκων] ran wild with fear before the tresses of Dionysos viper-enwreathed [ἔχιδνα]. Fire was also a weapon of Bacchos. He cast a torch in the air to destroy his adversaries: through the high paths ran the Bacchic flame leaping and curling over itself and shooting down corrosive sparks on the Giants' limbs; and there was a serpent [δράκων] with a blaze in his threatening mouth, half-burnt and whistling with a firescorched throat, spitting out smoke instead of a spurt of deadly poison. There was infinite tumult. Bacchos raised himself and lifted his fighting torch over the heads of his adversaries, and roasted the Giants' bodies with a great conflagration, an image on earth of the thunderbolt cast by Zeus. The torches blazed: fire was rolling all over the head of Encelados and making the air hot, but it did not vanquish him - Encelados bent not his knee in the steam of the earthly fire, since he was reserved for a thunderbolt. Vast Alcyoneus leapt upon Lyaios armed with his Thracian crags; he lifted over Bacchos a cloudhigh peak of wintry Haimos - useless against that mark, Dionysos the invulnerable. He threw the cliff, but when the rocks touched the fawnskin of Lyaios, they could not tear it, and burst into splinters themselves. Typhoeus towering high had stript the mountains of Emathia (a younger Typhoeus in all parts like the older, who once had lifted many a rugged strip of his mother earth), and cast the rocky missiles at Dionysos. Lord Bacchos pulled away the sword of one that was gasping on the ground and attacked the Giants' heads, cutting the snaky [ὄφις] crop of poison-spitting hair; even without weapon he destroyed the selfmarshalled host, fighting furiously, and using the treeclimbing longleaf ivy to strike the Giants. Indeed he would have slain all with his man-breaking thyrsus, if he had not retired of his own will out of the fray and left enemies alive for his Father [Zeus]. „ “ What second Typhoeus has sprung up from the ground? „ “ ⟨...⟩ bold Otos ⟨...⟩ or boastful Ephialtes „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Nonnus of Panopolis (c. late 300s-400s AD) Dionysiaca ● XLVIII: 4-89 ● XLVIII: 394 ● XLVIII: 403 William Henry Denham Rouse Loeb Classical Library (LCL 356) © Harvard University Press, 1940 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 163 ▲ “ Hail, divine one [Athena], whom a birth full-armed sent forth from the opened head [of Zeus] at the time of the giant-war ⟨...⟩ „ “ ⟨...⟩ while Phlegra [Translator's note: The plains of Phlegra were the scene of the battle between gods and giants.] beheld the Thunderer [Zeus] alarmed, the crown of his head burst open and thou [Athena] wert shot forth from its summit; and as brute force and naught else was impelling the gods to battle, their might without thee had been sorely confounded; but after thy father's head had brought thee forth, O goddess of Wisdom, then the gods, with thee to aid, were victorious as ne'er before. Thanks to thee that great pile gave way which was built by those dread hands and at last well-nigh pierced the flaming firmament. Pindus, Othrys, and Pholoe fell from the grasp of the giants; down at last fell ponderous Ossa from Rhoetus' hand; Aegeon was laid low, and Briareus and Ephialtes and Mimas, who were wont to lick the northern Wain with their feet [Translator's note: The snaky extremities of the giants, ending in mouths instead of feet, are treated with elaborate absurdity in IX. To Felix, 76-87.]. Enceladus fell by thy father's hand, Typhoeus by thy brother's; and now the one supports an Euboean [Translator's note: A far-fetched epithet. Typhoeus was buried under the island of Inarime (Virgil Aeneid IX, 716; Lucan The Civil War (Pharsalia) V, 101), the modern Ischia, near "Euboean" Cumae (Virgil Aeneid VI, 2). According to another version he, like Enceladus, was buried under Etna.] mountain, the other a Sicilian. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius (c. 430-485 AD) Poems ● VI. Preface to the Panegyric Addressed to the Emperor Avitus, 7-8 ● VI. Preface to the Panegyric Addressed to the Emperor Avitus, 15-28 William Blair Anderson Loeb Classical Library (LCL 296) © Harvard University Press, 1936 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 164 ▲ “ I shall not here speak of the earth-born band made more live by the venom in their veins, who, besides a form that had outgrown all limits, had likewise snakes [anguis] with coiling bodies, extending their scaly legs on high and ending in mouths that served as feet [Translator's note: Cf. VI. Preface to the Panegyric Addressed to the Emperor Avitus, 26.]. Thus that arrogant young band of triple-formed monsters, trampling the earth with ravenous feet, would run in marvellous wise with stepping heads; and when the war-trumps of the gods sounded they thereupon dared to challenge the denizens of heaven with foot hissing in reply to the thunder's roar. Nor do you read here of Phlegra's plains enlarged [Translator's note: The plains are "enlarged" by the removal of the mountains.] when hurtling mountains flew about among the stars, Pindus, Pelion, Ossa, Olympus, Othrys, with their woods, herds, beasts, frosts, rocks, springs, and towns, all uplifted by the hurlers' right hands that were broader than they. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius (c. 430-485 AD) Poems ● IX. To Felix, 76-93 William Blair Anderson Loeb Classical Library (LCL 296) © Harvard University Press, 1936 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 165 ▲ “ It chanced that Pallas [Athena] was returning from the peak of storm-swept Caphereus; she had avenged to the full the ravished honour of Apollo's Trojan votary, and now she was abandoning Xanthus for Athenian Hymettus. Her head sparkles with gilded bronze, and she begins to show a more serene aspect after her frightfulness; for she has laid aside the thunderbolt, though she has not yet gladdened her fierce limbs with the waters of African Tritonis. The Gorgon covers the middle of her breast, with power still to make the beholder motionless, though the head be severed. Proudly shines that guileful form, and its beauty still lives though life is ebbing. The dark head bristles with a towering swarm of twisting vipers [cerastes]; those fanged tresses tangle their spotted coils, those angry locks utter horrible hisses. The corselet of scale-armour worn by the goddess reaches not to the waist; where the steel ceases her robe hangs down; the end of her cloak covers her feet with its circling hem, and when they move under her raiment there is a rustling of the stiff folds in the crimped trailing mantle. Her left hand is covered by a shield filled with a likeness of the Phlegraean fray [Gigantomachy]. In one part Enceladus brandishes Pindus, torn from its base, and sends it whirling to the stars, while Ossa is the missile of frenzied Typhoeus; Porphyrion snatches up Pangaeus, Damastor lifts up Rhodope along with Strymon's spring, and when the glowing thunderbolt comes down he hurls the river at it and quenches it. In another part Pallas [Athena] assails Pallas [Giant], but he has seen the Gorgon, and her spear is already too late, and encounters a solid corpse. Elsewhere is seen Mimas flinging Lemnos against the aegis in a brother's defence, while the island-missile shakes heaven with its impact. In yet another part is the multiple Briareus with his much-peopled body joining in the fray, carrying in his person a whole host all akin; you could see his hands on branching arms sprouting from a single source. To these monsters Vulcan had given by his skill not only forms but frenzy, so that he trembled at the very wrath which his art had counterfeited. The right hand of Pallas held a spear, which she herself had lately plucked in the vale of Aracynthus from an olive she had planted. Arrayed in all this glory she had now alighted, and where the feet of the goddess rested there arose the Marathonian berry [Translator's note: The olive.] to take possession of the gliding mills. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius (c. 430-485 AD) Poems ● XV. Epithalamium, 1-35 William Blair Anderson Loeb Classical Library (LCL 296) © Harvard University Press, 1936 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 166 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ Zeus, the leader of the dance that slew the Giants. „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Pamprepius of Panopolis (440-484 AD) "Poem (b)" ● 13 Denys Lionel Page Loeb Classical Library (LCL 360) © Harvard University Press, 1941 --------------------------------------------------------------------- « ● ● ● » --------------------------------------------------------------------- Reference 167 ▲ “ ⟨...⟩ the giants challenging heaven ⟨...⟩ „ Author: Work/Anthology: Verse/Fragment: Translator(s): Collection & Publisher: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (c. 477-524 AD) The Consolation of Philosophy ● III: xii, 70 S. Jim Tester Loeb Classical Library (LCL 074) © Harvard University Press, 1973

● Related article(s): Abrasax [ΙΑΩ] · Baal Arwad · Cecrops · Demeter·Thermuthis · Giant (Ophiopode) · Harpocrates·Sobek · Isis·Thermuthis · Lernean Hydra · Spirit (Pterophytopode) · Scylla · Serapis·Agathodaemon · Triton, Nereus (Note: Cross-reference links will be activated after the completion of Volume III).

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